Provenance

1. Beowulf • Why Beowulf? • Provenance • Setting • Poetic devices • Terms • Themes

2. Why Study Beowulf? 1. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, so everything written since Beowulf stems from it in some way 2. The story of Beowulf encompasses common themes that we still see in English literature today 3. Beowulf is simply good writing

3. Why Study Beowulf? 4. In some ways, it doesn’t matter what you read, but how you read it, so…since Beowulf came first, you might as well start there. 5. Studying Old English improves your understanding of modern English 6. It’s a great story

4. Beowulf’s Provenance What we don’t know: • who wrote it • when exactly it was written • how much, exactly, is based on historical truth

5. Beowulf’s Provenance What we do know: • Beowulf is the oldest surviving English poem. It’s written in Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), which is the basis for the language we speak today. • Some of the characters in the poem actually existed. • The only copy of the manuscript was written sometime around the 11th century A.D. (1000’s), however…

6. The actual poem probably dates from the 8th century (700’s) or so, and… • The story may be set even earlier, around 500 A.D. • There are a lot of Christian references in the poem, but the characters and setting are Pagan…this means a monk probably translated it.

7. Beowulf’s Provenance So why wasn’t it written down in the first place? This story was probably passed down orally for centuries before it was first written down. It wasn’t until after the Norman Invasion (1066) that writing stories down became common in this part of the world.

8. Beowulf’s Provenance So what’s happened to the manuscript since the 11th century? Eventually, it ended up in the library of this guy. Robert Cotton (1571-1631)

9. Beowulf’s Provenance Unfortunately, Cotton’s library burned in 1731. Many manuscripts were entirely destroyed. Beowulf was partially damaged. The manuscript is now preserved and carefully cared for in the British Museum.

10. Setting: Beowulf’s time andplace Although Beowulf was written in English, it is set in what is now Sweden, where a tribe called the Geats lived. The story may take place as early as 400 or 500 A.D.

11. Setting: Beowulf’s time and place Insert: Time of Beowulf Europe today

12. How we date Beowulf Some Important Dates: 521 A.D. – death of Hygelac, who is mentioned in the poem 680 A.D. – appearance of alliterative verse 835 A.D. – the Danish started raiding other areas; after this, few poets would consider them heroes SO: This version was likely composed between 680 and 835, though it may be set earlier

13. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for 1. Alliterative verse • Repetition of initial sounds of words (occurs in every line) b. Generally, four feet/beats per line c. A caesura, or pause, between beats two and four d. No rhyme

14. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for Alliterative verse – an example from Beowulf: Oft ScyldScefingsceapenapraetum, Monegummaegpummeodo-setlaofteah; EgsodeEorle, syddanaerestweard.

15. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes, A wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes. The terror of the hall-troops had come far.

16. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for 2. Kennings a. Compound metaphor (usually two words) b. Most were probably used over and over For instance: hronade literally means “whale-road,” but can be translated as “sea”

17. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for Other kennings from Beowulf: banhus = “bone-house” = body goldwine gumena = “gold-friend of men” = generous prince beaga brytta = “ring-giver” = lord beadoleoma = “flashing light” = sword

18. The Poetry in Beowulf A few things to watch out for 3. Litotes (Lie – toe – tease) • A negative expression; usually an understatement • Example: Hildeburh had no cause to praise the Jutes In this example, Hildeburh’s brother has just been killed by the Jutes. This is a poetic way of telling us she hated the Jutes absolutely.

19. Some terms you’ll want to know epic Beowulf is an epic poem. This means it has a larger-than life hero and the conflict is of universal importance. There’s a certain serious that accompanies most epics.

20. Some terms you’ll want to know Scop (skop or shop) A bard or story-teller. The scop was responsible for praising deeds of past heroes, for recording history, and for providing entertainment

21. Some terms you’ll want to know comitatus Literally, this means “escort” or “comrade” This term identifies the concept of warriors and lords mutually pledging their loyalty to one another

22. Some terms you’ll want to know thane A warrior mead-hall The large hall where the lord and his warriors slept, ate, held ceremonies, etc.

23. Some terms you’ll want to know wyrd Fate. This idea crops up a lot in the poem, while at the same time there are Christian references to God’s will.

24. Some terms you’ll want to know flyting A contest of wits and insults between two Germanic warriors. Each tries to demonstrate his superior vocabulary, cleverness, and bravery.

25. Some terms you’ll want to know ofermod Excessive pride (like hubris)

26. Some terms you’ll want to know lof glory

27. Some terms you’ll want to know wergild • “ man price” • were=man geld=payment (gilt=money) • Reparation, or repayment, usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide or other wrongful death. • The man-price is payment made to the deceased’s family or clan. • The size of the payment was conditional upon the social rank of victim

28. Some terms you’ll want to know Beot =vow, or boast • A ritualized boast or vow made publicly by Anglo-Saxon warriors (thanes) in a mead-hall the night before a military engagement. • A typical warrior's boast might be that he would be the first to strike a blow in the coming battle, that he would kill a particular champion among the enemy, that he would not take a single step backward in retreat during the battle, or that he would claim a renowned sword from an enemy warrior as booty. • This vow or boast was often accompanied by stories of his past glorious deeds. • While later Christianized medieval culture (and perhaps modern American culture) might disdain boasting as a sign of arrogance or sinful pride, the pagan Anglo-Saxons valued such behavior. • The beot was not so much a negative sign of arrogance as a positive sign of determination and character.

29. Some terms you’ll want to know elegy An elegy is a poem that is sad or mournful. The adjective is elegiac. homily A homily is a written sermon or section of the poem that gives direct advice.

30. Some terms you’ll want to know epithet • an adjective or a brief phrase used to describe an actual or attributed quality to characterize a person, place, or thing. “Richard the Lion-Hearted” is an epithet of Richard I. • In Beowulf God is variously described as “the Lord of all Life,” “the Ruler of glory,” “the Lord of heaven and earth,” and “our eternal Lord.” • Note how they provide a brief summary of major characters’ most essential qualities.

31. Some terms you’ll want to know Synecdoche (sin – neck - do – key) A rhetorical device involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part. For instance, a writer might state, "Twenty eyes watched our every move." Rather than implying that twenty disembodied eyes are swiveling to follow him as he walks by, she means that ten people watched the group's every move. When a captain calls out, "All hands on deck," he wants the whole sailors, not just their hands.

32. Some terms you’ll want to know Metonymy Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea. The term metonym also applies to the object itself used to suggest that more general idea. Some examples of metonymy are using the metonym crown in reference to royalty or the entire royal family, or stating "the pen is mightier than the sword" to suggest that the power of education and writing is more potent for changing the world than military force.

33. Some terms you’ll want to know digresson • temporary departure from one subject to another more or less distantly related topic before the discussion of the first subject is resumed. • A valuable technique in the art of storytelling

34. Some terms you’ll want to know Variation • The restatement of a concept or term using different words. • Ex: Beowulf spoke, the son of E__ • The second half of the line provides a second identifier for Beowulf. • More on next slide

35. Some terms you’ll want to know Variation • Variation is not used as filler, but fulfills a few important functions. • As we can not just stop and check a fact during an oral performance as we can while reading, variation reminds the audience of important facts. • Because the poet constantly reminds us that Beowulf is E’s son, we are much more likely to remember who E is when he is important to the poem. • Variation also allows the poet to present an event, or image from multiple perspectives, each providing additional information or shedding new light on the events. • Compare, for example, Grendel's approach to Heorot, which is told three times in succession or compare Beowulf's report to Hygelac about what happened at Hrothgar's court with the narration of those events.

36. Some terms you’ll want to know Anti-hero • TRAITS OF THE ANTI-HERO • Deprived of the rules and consequences of society • An “outlaw”; has no status in society; must wander on the fringes of society • Rejects values, rules, attitudes of society and political establishment • Seeks to establish own rules and ethics • A failure; crude; sometimes stupid or even dishonest • Often angry

37. Themes and Important Aspects Good vs. Evil Religion: Christian and Pagan influences The importance of wealth and treasure The importance of the sea and sailing The sanctity of the home Fate Loyalty and allegiance Heroism and heroic deeds