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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Paramedic Program Chemeketa Community College. Stage 1 Vasoconstriction. Anaerobic metabolism replaces aerobic metabolism Lactate and hydrogen ion production increases Leaky capillary syndrome occurs. Stage 2 Capillary and Venule Opening.
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Paramedic Program Chemeketa Community College
Stage 1Vasoconstriction • Anaerobic metabolism replaces aerobic metabolism • Lactate and hydrogen ion production increases • Leaky capillary syndrome occurs
Stage 2Capillary and Venule Opening • Precapillary sphincter relaxes • Vascular space expands • Postcapillary sphincters remain closed • Blood pools in capillary system • Blood flow through arterioles is less • Additional capillaries and venules open • Increased hypoxemia and acidosis
Cardiac output falls! • Viscera (lungs, liver, kidneys, GI mucosa congested • Anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid increases • Respirations increase • Rouleaux formation occurs • Clotting mechanisms are affected
Stage 3Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation • A complication of severe injury, trauma, or disease • May occur in 30-50% of patients with sepsis
Mortality/morbidity • In general: 18% • Septic abortion: 50% • Major trauma: DIC approximately doubles mortality rate
Resistant to treatment • Still irreversible • Blood coagulates in microcirculation • Capillaries are clogged • Lactic acid production increases
Wash out phase occurs • Water, sodium leak into cell • Potassium leaks out • Microinfarcts develop in viscera • Pulmonary capillaries are permeable • Pulmonary edema occurs • ARDS occurs
Two phases of DIC • #1 • Free thrombin in blood • Fibrin deposits • Aggregation of platelets
#2 • Hemorrhage caused by depletion of clotting factors • Multiple – system organ failure results • Loss of platelets and clotting factors • Fibrinolysis • Fibrin degradation interference • Small vessel obstruction, tissue ischemia, RBC injury, anemia from fibrin deposits
Common causes of DIC • Trauma • Complications of OB • Infection (gram-negative sepsis, gram-positive infections) • HIV, hepatitis • Malignancy; leukemias, metastatic • Snake-bite • Hypoxia
Other causes • Liver disease • Infant and adult RDS • Thermal injury: Burns • Massive transfusion • MI • Crohn’s disease • Aortic aneurysms
Risk factors • Pregnancy • Prostatic surgery • Head injury • Inflammatory states
DDX • Massive hepatic necrosis • Vitamin K deficiency • Thrombocytopenia purpura • Hemolytic-uremic syndrome • Primary fibrinolysis
Epistaxis Gingival bleeding Mucosal bleeding Hemoptysis Hematemesis Cough Dyspnea Localized rales Tachypnea Pleural friction rub Confusion Disorientation Stool blood Hematuria Fever Petechiae Purpura Ecchymosis Anuria Thrombosis Stupor Peripheral cyanoses S/S of DIC
Management of DIC • Reverse underlying cause • Replace platelets • Replace coagulation factors • Replace blood
Medications • Heparin (contraindicated in head injury) • Broad-spectrum antibiotics for sepsis
Bye Bye, now