James Hamilton , Tube City IMS, Technical Manager – Aggregate Sales

1. James Hamilton, Tube City IMS, Technical Manager – Aggregate Sales Jim Gue, ODNR, Div. Of Mineral Resources Management Environmental Specialist II Cheryl Socotch, ODNR, Div. Of Mineral Resources Management Hydrogeologist The Use Of Steel Slag In Passive Treatment Design For AMD Discharge in the Huff Run Watershed Restoration West Virginia Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium Morgantown, West Virginia – April 11, 2007

2. Steel Making • Slag • Iron Slag • Steel Making Slag • Nonferrous • Steel Making Slag • BOF • 50% Iron & 50% Scrap • EAF • 100% Scrap • Variations of Steel Grades • Variations of Slag Grades • 2700oF • Creates amorphous glassy solid matrixes

3. Steel Making Slag • 19 million tons consumed domestically. • 90 sites in 32 states. • Product of elemental makeup. • Alteration of Carbon content = O2 and Flux. • Leachate • Metals and metalloids. • Calcium.

4. Chemical 7 Physical Properties of Steel Slag • Calcium Carbonate Precipitate • CaCO3 (Tufa) • Pozzolanic Effect • R.M. Feldman 1981 • White powdery precipitate goes into solution. • pH of 10 to 11. • Hardening. • Physical Properties. • High proctor values typically 135 -145 lbs/ft3. • Good flow for easy placement and compaction. • Graded to various requirements.

5. Leachate Requirements and Date Current TCLP results of Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Slag as compared to the ODNR standards. Current Chemistries for Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Slag.

6. Huff Run Watershed Restoration • Huff Run Watershed Restoration Partnership, Inc. • ODNR • Fall 1996 – Public meeting. • 1997 – inventory • March 2000 – Huff Run AMDAT Plan. • Lindontree – 2003 • Lyons – 2005 • Belden, 42, 25. - 2007

7. Lindentree Reclamation Project - 2003 • Passive system • Supersaturate good water • Steel Slag and Limestone • Pre - pH 3.97, net acidity • Post – pH 8.0, net acidity

8. Lindentree Reclamation Project • Three most important criteria for treatment system. 1. Excavate, backfill, and grade channels. • Treat impounds with alkaline materials. - Steel Slag and Limestone Rip Rap. • Drop out heavy metals. - Settling pond and aerobic wetlands.

9. Site Location Pre-construction (4-11-02) Post-construction (11-17-04) Pond 6 discharge (limestone channel 2) 6.28 6.0 Slag channel 5 6.25, 4.87, 4.64, 6.8 10.5 Pond 1 (slag channel 7) 2.99 11.0 Channel 6 4.5, 6.64 10.0 Bog discharge into slag swale 5.88 7.0 Slag Swale Outlet --- 11.0 Weir outlet 4.78 10.0 Project Outlet Channel, downgrade 3.97 9.0 Brass Road Culvert 3.97 8.0 Lindentree Reclamation Project

10. Lyons Reclamation Project - 2005 • Passive system • Supersaturate good water • Treatments. • Mine spoil and exposed coal refuse. • Steel Slag and Limestone Rip Rap channels. • Steel Slag dikes.

11. Lyons Reclamation Project • Steel Slag and Limestone bed and channels. • Supersaturate water • This pool was treated with 2” X ½” Steel Slag.

12. Lyons Reclamation Project • Rock channels using ½” X 0 Steel Slag and Limestone Riprap. • High precipitation events.

13. Lyons Reclamation Project • Steel Slag and Limestone Rip Rap channels. • Deep mine seepage.

14. Lyons Reclamation Project • Steel Slag dikes. • Submerged Steel Slag ½” X 0. • Constant leaching of calcium carbonate precipitate. WaterFlow.

15. Lyons Reclamation Project • Low cost for high alkaline additives • Steel Slag rock channels, beds, and dikes. • Deep well migration.

16. Other Applications of Slag Other Slag Applications in Ohio

17. Little Raccoon Creek Watershed • Buckeye Furnace Reclamation Project (1999) • First large-scale use of Steel Slag • Two Steel Slag beds w/ combination of other treatment systems

18. Buckeye Furnace: Problems with early SSB • Undersized SS Beds • Not enough retention • Silt problems • Need pre-ponds

19. Mulga Run-Dutcher Reclamation Project, Raccoon Creek

20. Mulga Run SSB • Constructed 2004 • Two SSB combined with reclamation and wetland enhancement • Continue to work well • Clean-out locations need modified

21. Flint Run – Lake Milton Projects • Largest contributor of AMD to LRC • Combined Use of SS • OLC with SS base • “HUGE” SSB • Able to control flows through SSB

22. Flint Run East-Phase 1. • Drain existing ponds • Re-route drainage around refuse. • Highly acidic water • Treat with SSB, OLC, and SAPS. • Complete 2005-06

23. Phase 2 – Lake Milton • Repair Exist Dam • Steel Slag Bed (SSB) • SAPS • Construction complete Fall 2006

24. Lake Milton SSB

25. Monday Creek Restoration Partnership –Snake Hollow • Joint project with USFS • Steel Slag bedding in OLC • Steel slag leach beds and berm.

26. Monday Creek Restoration Partnership –Lost Run • Refuse piles, strip pits, discharging underground mine portals, and subsidence. • 13% of AMD load to Monday Creek. • OLC channels with SS bedding. • 2 Steel slag leach beds.

27. Steel Slag • Low cost for high alkaline output. • pH levels of 10 to 11over long periods of time. • Ease of handling and application. • High permeability regardless of H2O volume. • Doesn’t absorb Co2 which would cause it to revert back to limestone. • Low sludge removal. • Environmental advantages for utilization of by-products. • Residuals encased in oxides or in calcium-alumina-silicates.

28. ODNR Reason for using Steel Slag “Steel Slag yields several hundred times more alkalinity per equal weight than limestone”. Long Term Passive Treatment

29. James Hamilton, Tube City IMS, Technical Manager – Aggregate Sales Jim Gue, ODNR, Div. Of Mineral Resources Management Environmental Specialist II Cheryl Socotch, ODNR, Div. Of Mineral Resources Management Hydrogeologist “The Use Of Steel Slag In Passive Treatment Design For AMD Discharge in the Huff Run Watershed Restoration” West Virginia Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium Morgantown, West Virginia – April 11, 2007