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Memory

p. 269-276. Memory. The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. The Memory process. Encoding Storage Retrieval. Encoding. The processing of information into the long-term storage. Typing info into a computer. Getting a girls name at a party.

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Memory

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  1. p. 269-276 Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

  2. The Memory process • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

  3. Encoding • The processing of information into the long-term storage. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

  4. Storage • The retention of encoded material over time. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

  5. Retrieval • The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document and opening it up.

  6. Information Processing Model of Memory

  7. Short Term Memory • Our “working” memory. What we are consciously processing

  8. How good is your short term memory? • Picture STM test

  9. Long Term Memory • Limitless in capacity • Like a never ending file cabinet

  10. Flashbulb memory • Clear memory of significant events • Goes to long term right away

  11. Quiz Question Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory. • short-term • Implicit • Echoic • Explicit • Semantic

  12. Encoding Getting the information in our heads!!!! How do you encode the info you read in our text?

  13. Two ways to encode information • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing

  14. Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • Space, time, and frequency gets recorded immediately • How many times you’ve seen somebody during the day • Things can become automatic with practice

  15. What does this say? • .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE

  16. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names • Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most common effortful processing technique. • It depends on the amount of time spent processing the information. • Overlearning (reviewing things you already know) enhances retention.

  17. Hermann Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • Rehearsed nonsense syllables 8 times to remember them perfectly • JIH, BAZ, FUB, YOX, SUJ, XIR, DAX, LEQ, VUM, PID, KEL, WAV, TUV, ZOF, GEK, HIW • This is how well he remembered them the next day…

  18. What did he find out about memory retention?

  19. Spacing Effect • We increase long-term retention when we study or practice over time. • Cramming is an inefficient means of studying (ie, cramming = less time for guitar hero)

  20. In other words, what should you do if you want to remember that guy/girl’s name from the party?

  21. Another test of your memory… • How did you do on List 1? List 2? • Were there trends to what we remembered and what we forgot as a class? • If there was a difference between the two lists, why do you think that was?

  22. Serial Positioning Effect • We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list best. • Primacy effect is stronger than recency effect if there is a delay between the list and recall. Words remembered Order on list

  23. Encoding Meaning • We tend to not remember exactly what happened, we remember what we encoded. • Which is best: • Visual encoding of images? • Acoustic encoding of sounds? • Semantic encoding of meaning

  24. gun • brain • CHAIR

  25. Which word was in capital letters?

  26. Which word rhymed with train?

  27. Which word was a weapon?

  28. Which type works best?

  29. p.276-280 • Imagery: Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

  30. Tricks to Encoding • Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks • Often use imagery (peg word, method of loci, “hippo on campus…”) • May use chunking (SOHCAHTOA, My very earnest mother just served us nine [pizzas], ROY G. BIV) Give me some more examples…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

  31. Method of loci • Associating a familiar location with a to-be remembered topic

  32. Chunking • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Often it will occur automatically. Take 10 seconds to try to remember this number list: 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Chunk- from Goonies Now, try again: 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 What are some other examples of chunking?

  33. Video for mnemonic devices • Extraordinary memories - how do they do it?

  34. Hierarchies • Creating outlines, topic sentences, subtitles, etc aids in encoding and retrieval. • Similar to schemas

  35. Quiz Question In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges, and potatoes the next time he does to the grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP” with the first letter of each item. He is using a memory aid known as • Chunking • The spacing effect • The serial position effect • The method of loci • The next-in-line effect

  36. Storage: Retaining Information Pages 280-288

  37. Information Processing Model of Memory

  38. Sensory Memory • Registers incoming information from the environment • Only there for a few seconds. • Example – you will not remember the color of your neighbor’s shirt tomorrow unless you process it

  39. Types of Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory • Visual Sensory memory that lasts for less than a second • George Sperling tested our visual recall • Try It Yourself • Echoic Store: the portion of sensory memory that handles memories of sounds (remains 3 or 4 seconds)

  40. Short-Term Memory • Memory that holds a few items briefly. • Seven digits (plus or minus two). • The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory. Rehearsal

  41. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information. Explicit (declarative) memories Implicit (non-declarative) memories

  42. How does our brain store long-term memories? • Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. • They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

  43. Storage of Long Term Memories • Stored in little neural parts, not video clips • Long term potentiation: the strengthening of the pathways among neurons in the brain when those neurons are repeatedly used • Mice without LTP cannot find way out of maze

  44. LONG TERM POTENTIATION • Kandel and Schwartz experiment on Aplysia sea snails • 20,000 large nerve cells • After conditioning, neurons released more serotonin • Increased synaptic efficiency = increased neural circuits.

  45. Explicit Memories (aka, declarative memories) Formed by the hippocampus; stored in the cerebral cortex. Episodic Memories Semantic Memories

  46. Implicit Memories Formed by the cerebellum; stored in the cerebral cortex. Procedural Memories Conditioned Memories

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