Punctuation, Word Choice, and Spelling

1. Punctuation, Word Choice, and Spelling

2. Respond to this Quotation "The writer who neglects punctuation, or mispunctuates, is liable to be misunderstood.” - Edgar Allan Poe

3. Punctuation Apostrophes

4. Apostrophes • Use #1: The ‘ replaces missing letters in a contraction. • We are = we’re • She is= she’s • *Be careful of its and it’s: • Its= possessive form; It’s = it is.

5. Apostrophe • Use #2: The ‘ is used to form the plurals of letters and numbers. • The 1960’s were groovy! • There are too many o’s in the word “toooooooooooooooo”. • *When shortening a year put the ‘ before the last two digits. Ex. I graduated high school in ’03.

6. Apostrophes • Use #3: The ‘ is used to form possessives(to show ownership). • There are three rules which must be memorized:  • Of a singular noun: Add ‘S • Girl’s dress; man’s car • Of a plural noun that does not end in S: Add ‘S • Women’s dresses; men’s cars • Of a plural noun that ends in S: Just add the ‘ • Friends’ books, nurses’ uniforms

7. Apostrophe • (ask yourself: “Is it more than one or just one?” If it is one of anything on earth add ‘s. If it is more than one, ask yourself: Does it already end is s?” If it does, just add’) •  Together, let’s add the ‘ where needed. • Her mother smile • Women work • Several boys bikes

8. Apostrophe Practice • Please complete exercises 1 & 2 in your punctuation guide packet. • Turn to pages 310-315 in your workbooks. *We’ve already completed these, but now that you know the rules make any corrections that you need to make.

10. Semicolons • Use #1: We use a ; to glue two sentences together: • I’m not going out; it is raining • Use #2: We use a ; when there are already commas in a series of things: • Elmira, New York; Horseheads, New York; and Ithaca, New York are all nice towns.

12. Colon • Use #1: We use a : after the greeting of a business letter: • Dear Sir or Madam: • Use #2: We use a : to introduce a list of items: • Bring the following: a pen, a pencil, paper, and your book.

13. Extra Uses • Use #3: We use a : between the numbers in the time of day, locations in a book, or separating the primary and secondary heading of a book. • 8:00am • Genesis 1:5 • Hopeful: A Tale of Surviving Cancer

14. Colon • Now you try: Insert needed colons. • Dear Mr. President • He ate the following foods pizza, hot dogs, chips, and cake. • The book is titled Great Danes A Complete Breed Profile.

15. Practice • Complete Exercise 3 and 4 in your packet. • Complete pages 292 and 295

17. What do these three pictures have in common?

18. THE MIGHTY COMMA • USES:  • in a series: • We read, write, and speak English. • separating several adjectives: • I want a bright, shiny, new bike. • separating introductory words and clauses: • Yes, the Yankees are still in first place. • with interrupters: • You may, of course, choose not to believe that.

19. THE MIGHTY COMMA 5. When speaking directly to someone. • Don’t cry, Derek. • With appositives: • Mr. Carpenter, our favorite teacher, doesn’t like the Red Sox. 7. With first, second, and third: • First, Mr. Carpenter is always right; second, The Giants are in first place, not second; third, it won’t be long until they win again.

20. Practice Break As a class, let’s insert the commas: • My favorite colors are green purple and blue. • I teach smart funny talented students. • English is of course the best class ever. • The best school Drakes Creek Middle School is the one we attend. • First we will do our work; second we might play jeopardy.

21. www.chompchomp.com

22. Practice • www.grammarbytes.com • Complete exercise 5 in your packetfor homework! • When you’re finished, please begin showing your ability to use apostrophes, semicolons, colons, and the first 7 uses of commas (make that connection from practice to USAGE).

23. How are You Doing so Far?(on your own paper) • Apostrophes: • Use #1 – 1 sentence • Use #2 – 1 sentence • Use #3 – 3 sentences (1 for each rule) • Semicolons • Use #1 – 1 sentence • Use #2 – 1 sentence • Colons • Use #1 – 1 example • Use #2 – 1 sentence • Use #3 – an example of each • Commas (1st 7 uses) • Use #1 - 1 sentence • Use #2 – 1 sentence • Use #3 – 1 sentence • Use #4 – 1 sentence • Use #5 – 1 sentence • Use #6 – 1 sentence • Use #7 – 1 sentence • Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence!

25. THE MIGHTY COMMA • after the greeting and closing in a friendly letter • Dear Sue, • Love, 9. between the date of the month and the year: • October 31, 2007 10. between the city and the state: • Horseheads, New York 11. to show a pause and/or to group words so that they make sense: • After eating, Otis always takes a nap.

26. THE MIGHTY COMMA 12. to set off words right before or after a quotation: • Mr. Carpenter said, “Good effort.” • “Good effort,” Mr. Carpenter said. 13. with words that give extra information but don’t need to be there to have a complete sentence: • The students, who all have Mr. C., think English rocks. 14. in a compound sentence : • A storm came; but, school did not close.

27. COMMA PRACTICE • Complete exercise 5 & 6 in your packet. • Commas (last 7 uses) • Use #8 - 1 sentence • Use #9 – 1 sentence • Use #10 – 1 sentence • Use #11– 1 sentence • Use #12– 1 sentence • Use #13– 1 sentence • Use #14– 1 sentence • Circle your correct usage of these punctuation marks in each sentence!

29. Word Choice • Many words in the English language sound EXACTLY the same, yet their spelling and meanings are VERY different. • WHY do we need to learn the correct words to use when they sound the same anyways???

30. Word Choice Their, There, or They’re Their: The possessive form of “they”, which means it is used to show ownership or belonging. If something belongs to them, it is their item. *Usually followed by a noun! Example: Michael and Lola left their car at home as it was a fine night.

31. There • There: If you are talking about a place or location, then you need the word “there.” This word indicates where something goes or where something is. • Example: Michael dropped his coat on the floor. Lola said, “Don’t put it there, Michael. Hang it on a hook.”

32. They’re • They’re: a contraction of “they are”, with the apostrophe showing where the letter “a” has been left out. If you sound it out fully in the sentence and it sounds right, then you’ve got the right one. Otherwise, it must be one of the other two. • Example: “Where are my parents meeting us?” asked Lola. “They’re meeting us at the restaurant,” said Michael.

33. Their, There, and They’re • Once you have these three straight, then you can easily make sense of a sentence like this: • “Their car is being repaired, so they’re taking a cab to get there,” said Michael.

34. Word Choice Your vs. You’re • Youris the second person possessive adjective, used to describe something as belonging to you. Your is nearly always followed by a noun. • What is your name? • Is this your pen? • Your book is on the table.

35. Word Choice • You’reis the contraction of "you are" and is often followed by a present participle (verb form ending in -ing). • You're going to be late. • Is that what you're wearing? • I think you're lying.

36. Word Choice Bottomline- no exceptions - is that if you're able to replace the word with "you are," you're saying you're. Otherwise, your only choice is your. • On your notes, write 4 sentences. • 2 correctly using YOUR • 2 correctly using YOU’RE

37. Word Choice Lose, Loose • Loseis only a verb. To lose means to suffer a loss, to be deprived of, to part with, or to fail to keep possession of something. • Lose four games in a row in the NFL and you’re pretty much finished. • Loose is mainly and adjective used to describe things that are not tightly fitted. • Make sure your rope isn’t loose before you repel off of that cliff.

38. Word Choice Loss, Lost • Loss: used as a noun. A lossisanabstractnounthatrepresentssomethingthat has beenlost. • Sarah suffered a greatlosswhenshewreckedher new car. • Lost: a verbora verbal (pastparticiple)…looks like a verb, but is actually describing something or someone. • I can’t find my cleats, they’re lost.

39. Word Choice Who vs. Whom • Who: should be used in the subject position in a sentence. • Who made this decision? • Whom: should be used in the object position, and also is usually after a preposition. • For whom/to whom/from whom

40. Word Choice • Use the he/him method to decide which word is correct.
he = who
him = whom • Who/Whom wrote the letter?
He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct. • For who/whom should I vote?Should I vote for him? Therefore, whom is correct. • We all know who/whom pulled that prank.

41. Word Choice Who’s vs. Whose • Who’s: a contraction of who is or who has. • Who’s that over by the pool? • Whose: the possessive form of who or which. • Whose towel is on the ground?

42. Word Choice • Think of it this way: If you were to replace it with who is or who has, would it work? If yes, you want who’s. If not, you want whose.

43. Word Choice Good vs. Well • Goodis an adjective describing someone or something. • Wellis an adverb answering the question how. • You did a good job.
Good describes job, which is a noun, so good is an adjective. • You did the job well.Well answers how the job was performed, making it an adverb.

44. Word Choice To, Too, Two • To: a preposition before a noun or as an infinitive before a verb. • Lets go to the movies. • I want to go dancing!

45. Word Choice • Too: a synonym for also or to indicate excessiveness before a verb. • Usually, if you can replace too with also in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. • Can Brent come too? • I ate too much!

46. Word Choice • Two: spells out the number 2. If you can replace two with 2 in the same sentence, and it still makes sense, then you are using it correctly. This should be the easiest one! • I have two hands and two feet. • Rule: Numbers 1-10 you spell out when writing; numbers 11 and up you may use the actual numbers! • Who wants to write out one million, six hundred seventy thousand, and forty two????? • Now, writing out ten or six, that I can do.

48. Spelling Words • tremendous • moccasin • beneficial • synchronize • believe • thoroughly • chronological • retrieve • glimpse • weird • mediocre • perception • irrelevant • perspective • preliminary • naïve • perceive • deceitful • preferable • commemorate

49. Good Spelling Habits • Pronounce the words correctly when you speak. • Slow down and spell by syllables • Use a dictionary anytime you have a question • Keep a spelling notebook to list and review words that are difficult for you • Proofread for careless spelling errors WHENEVER you write

50. ie and ei • WARNING: there are exceptions to the following rule, but it is the most common for deciding which to use. Other than this rule, your only option is to memorize spellings.