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Industrial attachment of square knits fabrics limited (SKFL)

Presentation about 'Industrial attachment of square knits fabrics limited (SKFL)'

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Industrial attachment of square knits fabrics limited (SKFL)

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  1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING Course Code: Tex -4036 INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT Square Knits fabrics Limited (SKFL)

  2. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Abstract Textile technology education is based on industrial ground. Theoretical background is not sufficient so, industrial training is an essential part of study to make a technologist technically sound in this field. Industrial training provides us that opportunity to gather practical knowledge. Square Knits fabrics Limited (SKFL) is a truly integrated undertaking. The textile division has the capability to offer a complete product range for the export & domestic textile markets. The goal of this textile factory is to become the preferred partner for sourcing high quality fabrics & clothing from Bangladesh. With high advanced technology & an emphasis on developing local human resources, the textile division has the potential to make an important contribution to the nation’s growing readymade garments export sector. The rationale behind the existing structure & future expansion of the textile division is to capture value added at each stage of the textile manufacturing process. Despite Bangladesh’s lack of indigenous cotton production capability, Square Knits fabrics Limited (SKFL)has leveraged Bangladesh’s labor cost advantage & export competitiveness to maximum level. Square Knits fabrics Limited (SKFL)

  3. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Declaration We hereby declare that the submitted work was completed using only the mentioned literature and without any Unalloyed assistance.

  4. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the praises are for the almighty, Allah who bestowed me with the ability and potential to complete this Internship. I also pay my gratitude to the Al-mighty for enabling me to complete this Internship Report within due course of time. Project paper is an academic function of the Southeast University. We are highly delighted to express our regards & gratitude to honorable Professor supervising teacher Prof. Syed Fakhrul Hassan for providing us the chance to complete our internship and completion our project work in Squre knit fabrics limited We take this opportunity to record my deep sense of gratitude and appreciation to our Project Advisor “Mr. Fazley Elahi” (Asst. proff.) Department of Textile engineering, Southeast University for his constant encouragement and inspiring guidance with his Wisdom.We also take the opportunity to express our sincerest gratitude to the management, administration & personnel of Squre knit fabrics limited for their kind assistance.Cordial thanks goes to Mahamuddun Nabi General Manager & Md.Habibuzzman (Shameem)Senior ManagerYarn Processing & Mercerizing Square Knit Fabrics limited for their excellent co-operation during the period of our training. We would also like to thank Mofizur Rahman Senior Manager knit Fabrics dyeing section for their sincere support.Above all, we would like to acknowledge our deep debt to all teachers of our university & particularly of Wet Processing Department for their kind inspiration & help, which remain as the backdrop of all our efforts. Finally, we would like to acknowledge that we remain responsible for the in-adequacies & errors, which doubtless remain in the following report.

  5. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Contents CHAPTER – I....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Organizational Over view....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER –II........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Project description ..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER – III.................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Man power Management.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -IV.......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Raw materials .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -V.....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Literature Review ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -VI ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Chemical Laboratory ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -VII ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Yarn processing...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER –VIII.........................................................102Error! Bookmark not defined. Knitting................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -IX...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Fabric Processing:................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -X ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Fabric singeing & Mercerizing .........................................1Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XI.................................................................1Error! Bookmark not defined. Fabric finishing .................................................................1Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XII ...........................................................158Error! Bookmark not defined. Quality Assurance Department (QAD) ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XIII ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Effluent treatment plant (ETP)& Custic recovery plant (CRP)Error! Bookmark not defined.

  6. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CHAPTER -XIV ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Maintenance.........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XV .................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Utility Services ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XVI ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Store & Inventory Control...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER -XVII ..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Socil & Invironmantal Information.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. CONCLUSION..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

  7. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Organizational Overview

  8. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Introduction: From fiber to fabric, the Textile division of Square group is a truly integrated undertaking. The Textile Division has the capability to offer a complete product range for the export textile markets. The goal of the Textile Division is to become the preferred partner for sourcing high quality fabrics and clothing from Bangladesh. With this goal Square Knit Fabrics Ltd. is advancement of this journey. With highly advanced technology and an emphasis on developing local human resources, the Textile Division has the potential to make an important contribution to the nation's growing ready made garments export sector keeping green environment into close consideration. The rational behind the existing structure and future expansion of the Textile Division is to capture value-added at each stage of the textile manufacturing process. Despite lack of indigenous cotton production capability of Bangladesh, Square has leveraged labor of Bangladesh cost advantage and export competitiveness to the maximum. Vision: To establish as a one stop source for the Global Knit Apparel market and to satisfy and meet customer's expectation by developing and providing products and services on time, which offer value in terms of Quality, Price, Safety & Environmental impact. Assuring complete compliance with the international quality standards and also providing the employees internationally acceptable working condition and standards. To promote the development and to use human talent & equal opportunity of employment Square Knit Fabrics Ltd. procure the most advanced & sophisticated technology suitable for producing desired product and attain highest level of competence through continuous development of the professional management system and to ensure complete transparency in all aspect of business. Mission: Square realizes the need to stake out a competitive segment in the changing global market of today through technological excellence and human expertise. Square is committed to transpose its local success to the world scene.

  9. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Location Map of Square Knit Fabrics Limited. Mohakhali Kakoli Chourasta Gulshan Dhaka Cantonment SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY Ashulia Gazipur Chourasta Joydevpur Chandra National Park Bhawal Gor M Y M E N S I N G H Rajendrapur Cantonment Maona Bazar Maona Bazar R.A.K Pharmaceuticals Nasir Glass H I G H Master -Bari Bus Stand Square knit fabrics Ltd. W A Y Valuka Thana

  10. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Project Description

  11. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Name of the Factory: Square Knit Fabrics Limited (SKFL). Type: Knit fabric manufacturing for 100% export oriented ready made Garments Industry. Year of Establishment: 2001, Commencement of Production in June 2002 Address: It is situated in Jamirdia, Master Bari, Valuka, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. History of Project Development: In 1997, Square entered the textile sector with its manufacturing facilities of cotton yarn. Combining modern technology with skilled manpower under Square's unique inspiring, atmosphere, this new Square venture soon rose to the top of the local textile industry. Today it has one of the most sophisticated vertically integrated set-ups. In 1998: Second unit of Square Textile established. In 2000: Square Spinnings Ltd. started its journey. In 2001: Square Knit Fabrics ltd. and Square Fashions Ltd. established. In 2002: Square Knit Fabrics commenced with its production. In 2009: Square Multi Fabrics Ltd. Commenced with its production. Textile Mills of Square Group: Square Knit Fabrics Ltd. Square Spinnings Ltd. Square Textiles Ltd. Square Fashions Ltd. Square Multi Fabrics Ltd. Physical Infrastructure:  Square at Valuka have three shades. They are Square Knit Fabrics Limited, Square Fashions Limited & Square Multi Fabrics Limited.  Total factory area is 165,000 ft2. Production space is 135,000 ft2, single storied.  There are four dormitories for worker, two dormitories for officials.

  12. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  Square Knit Fabrics Ltd. maintains its telecommunication with VOIP connection to its different corporate zones, PABX connections and LAN connections.  It’s others facilities are  Own Network Server,  Own power management;  Own utility management,  Free transport facility,  24 – hour medical center,  Free meals,  Fire service facility and  ETP. Different Departments: Square Knit Fabrics Ltd has the following departments approximately: Different Departments Personnel and Administration Knitting Wet Processing Fabric Processing Finishing Mercerizing Yarn Processing Package and Hank Quality Assurance R & D Laboratory Maintenance Fabric Inspection Electrical Mechanical Utility ETP

  13. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Product Type:  Piece Dyed fabric,  Mercerized & Dyed fabric ,  Yarn dyed fabric,  Mercerized yarn dyed fabric (double mercerized). Product Mix:  Cotton: - Carded, Combed, Compact, & Organic.  Viscose: - Modal, Mélange,  Polyester,  Lycra,  Polyester-cotton blend,  CVC. Product Range:  Engineering stripe and semi jacquard,  Plain (100% cotton single jersey, slub single jersey, lycra single jersey, double mercerized single jersey),  Pique (100% cotton,100% lycra),  Four Needle structure,  Wofel rib,  1X1 Rib (cotton), 1X1 Rib (lycra), 1X1 Rib (slub),  2X2 Rib (100% cotton), 2X2 Rib (100% lycra),  2X1 Rib,  4X4 Rib,  Interlock,  Pique interlock (pima cotton),  Interlock (double mercerized),  Locust,  Jacquard,  Fleece & Terry fleece, etc.

  14. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Capacity: 30,000-31,000 Kg. of Knit fabric processed per day (Open width & tubular finish). Production Capacity in knitting: 15,000 kg. Of greige fabric and 25000 pieces of cuff & collar set per day (depends on design i.e. if design is more then production will be less). Production Capacity in yarn dyeing: 4000 kg. Per day Production Capacity in knit dyeing: 30,000 Kg. Per day Investment Cost: Investment cost is US$ 11.11 million. Remarks: Square Knit Fabric Ltd. is greatest concerned with the quality of its product. For this reason it do not look for the production volume rather the quality of product, this increase its overhead cost. But better quality has welcome buyers with satisfaction. The infrastructure and land asset has the greatest possibility to extension and to create social contributions.

  15. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Manpower Management

  16. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Organogram of Administration: Managing Director Executive Director General Manager Deputy General Manager Assistant General Manager Senior Manager Manager (Of QAD, YP, FP, Maintenance etc.) Deputy Manager Assistant Manager Organogram of Operation:

  17. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Senior Executive I Senior Executive II Executive I Executive II Executive III Production Officer Assistant Production Officer Supervisor Senior Operator Shift Change: There are three shifts for operation personnel in this industry. So the shifts are changed at every 8 hours. The shift timings are as below:  6:00 am to 2:00 pm (“A” Shift)  2:00 pm to 10:00 pm (“B” Shift)  10:00 pm to 6:00am (“C” Shift) Administration i.e. Management personnel work on General (G) shift of duration 8:00 am to 5:00 pm and 6 days per week. Responsibilities of Production Executive:  To follow and execute the daily production plan accordingly.  To give the right decision for the minor troubleshooting.  To match the shade with the approved lab dip and take necessary help from Spectrophotometer.  To prepare dye line correctly and maintain logbook.  To convey the proper information to the next shift.  To maintain target productivity of every section in his shift  To give job card to maintenance department whenever machine is not working or any other problem with the machine.

  18. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Job description of Production Executive: Report to: Senior production officer Job Summary: To plan, execute & follow up the production activities & control the quality. Duties & Responsibilities: Overall supervision of dyeing, finishing production. Batch preparation & PHcheck. Dyes & chemical requisition issue & check. Write fabrics loading & unloading time from m/c. Program making, sample checking, color measurement. Control the supervisors, operators’ asst. operator & helpers of dyeing m/c. And also any other work as & when required by the management. Management System: Corporate Management System. Remarks: Though Square Knit Fabric Ltd. has more than 1100 manpower but Square Fashions Ltd. has manpower more than 6000 in around a single fence & Square Multi Fabrics Ltd. has around 200 manpower. Square pay a great attention for providing food and transport, medical, schooling of personnel’s children, their utility and maintain a safe, secured and calm environment. The working condition here is also standardized. These opportunities for the personnel of the industry have a direct positive impact on the production and also motivate the personnel for better and greater efficiency.

  19. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Raw Materials

  20. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Square Knit Fabrics Ltd. is a knit composite textile industry. In the industry raw materials for different section is different. As for example knitting uses the raw material Yarn, Fabric processing department uses the knit fabrics, dyes and chemicals again yarn processing uses the grey yarn and dyes chemicals. Following we describe the raw materials used in Square Knit Fabrics Ltd.  Yarn  Grey fabrics  Dyes  Chemicals  Auxiliaries Yarn: Following types of yarns are used to knit fabrics: Cotton yarn Card Yarn Combed Yarn Compact Yarn Organic cotton Viscose Modal Yarn Mélange Yarn Ecru mélange Synthetic Polyester

  21. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Blend PC CVC Mélange Grey Fabrics: Following types of grey fabrics are dyed: Single jersey Single and double lacoste Polo pique Terry fleece Engineering stripe Jacquard etc. Double jersey 1x1 and 2x2 rib Interlock Flat back Flat bed Simple Collar and Cuff Jacquard Collar and Cuff Sources: The required yarns are supplied from Square Spinning Mills Ltd. (Bangladesh) , Thermax (Bangladesh), NRG (Bangladesh), Badsha Spinning Mills Ltd. (Bangladesh) Ginni (India), Nahar (India),

  22. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT And special yarns are from Bardhaman (India), Aarti (India), Organic cotton – Indonesia. The required grey fabrics are produced in this industry. Price: Not provided. Dyes: The following dyes are used-  Reactive dyes.  Disperse dyes. The list of dyes for different substrate is as below: For Cotton Group (Reactive Dyes) Shade Name of Dyes Country of Origin Singapore Singapore Supplier Name Ciba Ciba Novacron Yellow FN -2R Novacron Yellow NC Drimarene Yellow CL-2R Indofix Yellow WHR Imcozin Yellow E3R Kimsoline Yellow KLL Kimsoline G.Yellow HF-2GR Switzerland India German Turkiye Turkiye Clariant Indo Colchem Impocolor Cida-Tex Cida-Tex Kimsoline Yellow KED Turkiye Cida-Tex Golden Yellow Type KimsolineYellow Shade SL Turkiye Cida-Tex Levafix Yellow CA Gran Levafix Amber CA Remazol Luminus Yellow FL Remazol Yellow RR Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Remazol Golden Yellow RGB Gran Remazol Ultra Yellow RGB Singapore Dystar Singapore Dystar Bezaktiv Yellow SLF Switzerland Bezema Bezaktiv Yellow S-3R Cibacron Yellow H-R Switzerland Singapore Bezema Ciba

  23. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Shade Name of Dyes Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Ciba Cibacron Brilliant Yellow H- 4GN Kimsoline Yellow HF -3GN Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Yellow HF 4GL150% Everzol Yellow 3GL Turkiye Cida-Tex Lemon Yellow Type Taiwan Everlight Levafix Brill Yellow CA Singapore Dystar Remazol Brilliant Yellow 4GL Imcozin Brill. Yellow V4GL Singapore German Dystar Impocolor Bezaktiv Blue SLF Switzerland Bezema Bezaktiv Blue S-FR Switzerland Bezema Bezaktiv Blue S-GLD Bezaktiv Blue V-2B Cibacron Blue H-GN Cibacron Blue F-GFN Cibacron Brilliant Blue FNG Switzerland Switzerland Singapore Singapore Singapore Bezema Bezema Dystar Dystar Dystar Novacron Blue FNR Singapore Dystar Novacron Ocean SR Singapore Dystar Drimarene Blue CLBR Singapore Dystar Blue Type Remazol Blue RR Singapore Dystar Remazol Dark Blue SLT Singapore Dystar Remazol Br. Blue BB New Singapore Dystar Levafix Blue CA Singapore Dystar Levafix Brill. Blue E-FFN Singapore Dystar Imcozin Blue E-NR German Impocolor Kimsoline B. Blue SHF-RL Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Blue Shade BL Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Blue KLL Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Blue BRF Turkiye Cida-Tex Shade Name of Dyes Novacron Red FNR Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Ciba

  24. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Novacron Brill Red FN-3GL Singapore Ciba Novacron Brown NC Novacron Scarlet FN-6G Singapore Singapore Ciba Ciba Cibacron Red H-D Indofix Red WHR Imcozin Red E-3BF Singapore India German Ciba Indo Colchem Impocolor Kimsoline Red KLL Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Red HF- 6BN Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Red KED Kimsoline Red Shade 3B Levafix Red CA Gran Turkiye Turkiye German Cida-Tex Cida-Tex Dystar Levafix Brill Red E-4BA German Dystar Levafix Brill Red E-BA German Dystar Red Type Levafix Brill Red E-6BA Levafix Fast Red CA German German Dystar Dystar Levafix Scarlet CA Levafix Rubine CA Singapore Singapore Dystar Dystar Remazol Red RR Singapore Dystar Remazol Deep Red RGB Gran Remazol Red RGB Gran Remazol Ultra Red RGB Remazol Brill Red F-3B Remazol Ultra Carmine RGB Singapore Dystar Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Bezaktiv Red SLF Switzerland Bezema Bezaktiv Red S-2B Bezaktiv Red S-3B Sunfix Red MFD Switzerland Switzerland Korea Bezema Bezema OH Young Ind. Ltd. Shade Name of Dyes Country of Origin Switzerland Supplier Name Clariant Export AG Drimarene Navy CL-R Kimsoline Navy Blue HF-RN Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Navy Blue SHF-GFN Turkiye Cida-Tex Remazol Navy Blue GG Singapore Dystar Everzol Navy Blue GG Bezaktiv Navy -S MAX Bezaktiv Navy SBL Taiwan German Switzerland Everlight Bezema Bezema Navy Type

  25. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Bezaktiv Navy SLF Cibacron Navy FN-B Cibacron Navy H-2G Sunfix Navy Blue MFD Switzerland Singapore Singapore Korea Bezema Ciba Ciba OH Young Ind.Ltd. Cibacron Super Black G/Novacron Cibacron Super Black R/Novacron Indofix Black B Kimsoline Black B Remazol Black B Gran Remazol Deep Black GWF Reafon Deep Black NS Singapore Ciba Singapore Ciba India Turkiye Singapore Singapore Singapore Indo Colchem Cida-Tex Dystar Dystar Kappa International Black Type Bezaktiv Black -S MAX German Bezema Bezaktiv Black S -BUDGET German Bezema Sunzol Black EP Korea OH Young Ind. Ltd. Ciba Cibacron Turquoise H-GN Singapore Everzol Turquise Blue G Taiwan Everlight Imcozin Turquiss Blue VG German Impocolor Turquoise Type Remazol Tuerkis Blue G Singapore Dystar Remazol Brill Green 6B Singapore Dystar Kimsoline Turquise Shade 2G Turkiye Cida-Tex Kimsoline Turquise Blue HFG Turkiye Cida-Tex Bezaktiv Blue VR SPCL German Bezema RSPL Type Everzol Blue R SPCL Taiwan Everlight Shade Name of Dyes Cibacron Orange FN-R Novacron Orange FBR Country of Origin Singapore Singapore Supplier Name Ciba Ciba Orange Type Levafix Orange CA Kimsoline B. Orange 3R Sunfix Orange MFD Singapore Turkiye Korea Dystar Cida-Tex OH Young Ind. Ltd. Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R Bezaktiv Violet V-5R Bezaktiv Gray SLF Singapore Switzerland Switzerland Dystar Bezema Bezema Violet Type

  26. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Novacron Gray NC Levafix Olive CA Novacron Olive NC Switzerland Singapore Singapore Bezema Dystar Dystar Grey Type Olive Type For Polyester Group (Disperse Dyes) Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Name of Dyes Dianix Blue XF Dianix Blue CC Dianix Rubine CC Dianix Crimson S-F Dianix Yellow Brown SE-R Dianix Terquise C-C Dianix Navy X-F Dianix Green C-C Dianix Scarlet C-C Dianix Scarlet X-F Dianix Flavine XF Dianix Luminus Yellow 10 G Dianix Luminus Red G Dianix Luminus Pink 5G Dianix Luminus Red 3B Dianix Brill Orange G Dianix Turquise XF Dianix Yellow CC Dianix Blue AC-E Dianix Red AC-E Dianix Yellow AC-E Dianix Yellow S-4G Dianix Navy S-2G Dianix Black S-R Dianix Deep Red SF Dianix Blue S-BB Dianix Violet S4R Dianix Black XF Dianix Yellow Brown SE-R Terasil Black SRL Terasil Violet BL Terasil Blue BGE-01 Terasil Blue W-BLS Terasil Blue WW2GS Terasil Blue W-RBS/W-BLS Terasil Gold Yellow W-3R Terasil Red W-BF Terasil Red W-RS Terasil Red FBN Country of Origin Supplier Name Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore German Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore German Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Dystar Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba

  27. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Terasil Red W-FS Terasil Red W-4BS Terasil Red WWFS Terasil Red WWBFS Terasil Red 3BL Terasil Red WW-3BS Terasil Navy GRLC Terasil Navy W-RS Terasil Flabine 8GFN Terasil Yellow W-4G Terasil Yellow W-6GS Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Switzerland Switzerland Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba Ciba 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Chemicals: Basic Chemicals Name of Item Acetic Acid (Glacial) Acetic Acid 30% Sirrix NE Hydro Chloric Acid Oxalic Acid Country of Origin India India Switzerland Singapore Supplier Name Jubilant Organosys LTD. Jubilant Organosys LTD. Clariant Swiss Colour Australia/India Penrice soda product/Nirma Ptlautan Iuas Tbk Soda Ash Sulphuric Acid Indonesia Acid Buffer   Sodium Acetate Ammonium Sulphate Bleaching Agent Name of Item Polyclean SP Viscoclor Viscobleach No Bleach 200% Cottobleach Hydrozen Peroxide 50% Country of Origin Supplier Name Turkiye Turkiye Turkiye Turkiye China Cida-Tex Cida-Tex Eksoy Kimyevi Eksoy Kimyevi Gaungdong Zhong Salt/Electrolyte Name of Item Sodium Sulphite(Glubar Salt) Sodium Sulphite (Refined Salt) Country of Origin Taiwan Supplier Name FCFC Thailand KC Salt Caustic Soda Name of Item Caustic Soda Pearl Country of Origin Saudi Arabia Supplier Name Arabian Alkali Co.

  28. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Detergent & Scouring Agent Name of Item Kappawet Bos Kieralon Jet-B Diwet Plus Tannex Noveco Lenaryl RK Foryl BGL Feloson NOF KSN NOF Country of Origin Germany Germany Supplier Name KaAP-Chemie BASF India Germany India Germany Lanxess ACI Pulcra Chemicals CHT R-Beitech Antifoam/Dearreting & Penetrating Agent Name of Item Albaflow JET Contripon S Primasol NF Country of Origin Singapore Germany Germany Supplier Name Swiss Colour Harris & Menuk BASF Anti Creasing Agent Name of Item Cibafluid C Persoftal L Base Ledesan SVE Country of Origin Singapore India Span Supplier Name Swiss Colour Lanxess Global Chemicals Peroxide Stabilizer Name of Item Stabilizer S0F Country of Origin Thailand Supplier Name Clariant Peroxide Killer Name of Item Bio Kill Country of Origin Turkey Supplier Name Eksoy Kimyevi Sequesterent & Dispersent for Bleaching Name of Item Ladiquest 1097 Optavon 4UD Kappaquest A-41 Lufibrol MSD Country of Origin Thailand Germany Germany Germany Supplier Name Clariant Harris & Menuk Hi-Tech Auxi Chem BASF Mercerizing Wetting Agent Name of Item Univerdin MR Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Swiss Colour

  29. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Levelling Agent for Heat Setting Name of Item Depicol RC 9 Country of Origin Germany Supplier Name Zachimmer Reactive Fixing Agent Name of Item Cibafix Eco/Albafix ECO Rewin ACP Permafix RD Tinofix FRD/Albafix FRD Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Swiss Colour German Thailand Singapore R.H. Corporation Total quality Swiss Colour Cot. Levelling & Prof-Colloid Name of Item Irgasol Co New/Albatex CO Levagol RL Drimagen E-2R Drimagen E-3R Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Swiss Colour India Lanxess Clariant Clariant Switzerland Switzerland Oxidizing Agent for Polyester Name of Item Ludigol AR Country of Origin Singapore Singapore Supplier Name BASF Swiss Colour Albatex AR Dispersing Levelling Agent for Polyester Name of Item Univadine DIF Country of Origin Singapore Acid PHBuffer (For Polyamide) Supplier Name Swiss Colour  Setavin PAS After Soaping Agent Name of Item Matexil ADW Avolan IS Cyclanon XC-W Eriopon OS Country of Origin India India Germany Singapore Supplier Name Lanxess BASF Swiss Colour Gliding Agent for Cotton Yarn Name of Item Katamin BW Country of Origin Germany Supplier Name Zachimmer & Schwar

  30. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Reducing Agent Name of Item Hydrosulphite (Hydrose) Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name BASF Enzyme Finishing Agent Name of Item Nuvosoft / Ecosoft X750 Biotuch C-39 Biopolish B-500 Primafast Luna CL Mega EH-S /EH-3 Fabrilage HDL Country of Origin Thailand Supplier Name Vrintex LTD. China Total quality Optical Brightener for Cotton Name of Item Uvitex BHV Uvitex BAM Skywhite BVB Country of Origin Singapore India India PES-Dyeing PH-Buffer Supplier Name Diamond dye Name of Item Cibatex AB-45 Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Swiss Colour Rubbing Fastness Improver Name of Item Geitex WRN Country of Origin Taiwan Supplier Name Geigy Ent. De-Colorant for Effluent Treatment Name of Item Water Decolorint Agent. Country of Origin Supplier Name Local Ultra violet protection Agent Name of Item Tanofast CEL Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Ciba Antimurobiol Hygiene Protection Agent Name of Item Oleophobol ZSR Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Ciba Silicon Stripper Agent Name of Item Silicon Stripper Country of Origin Supplier Name Knitting Oil Removing Agent Name of Item Silvatol FLN Country of Origin Singapore Supplier Name Ciba

  31. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Special Finishing Agent Name of Item Ultraphil HCT Tubingal MSQ Siligen PEP Ultra-Fresh Silphure Unidal APY.TH Sanitized T9919 (Anti Bacterial Agent) Hydroperm RPU (Anti Bacterial Agent) Dilasoft JWN-CN (Anti Bacterial Agent) Umidol (Anti Bacterial Agent) Country of Origin Singapore German Supplier Name Swiss Colour R.H. Corporation Canada Thomson Softener Type of Softener Name of Item Country of Origin Supplier Name Sapamine CWS Tissocyl RC9 (Used for heat setting) Basosoft F-Euk Conc Jinsofter CWS Soulbio SSK Cationic Singapore BASF Weak China Global Chemicals Swiss Colour Cationic/Non- ionic Alcamine CWS /Sapamine CWS Singapore Soulbio FC China Global Chemicals Cognis Non-ionic Belsoft 200 Conc. P I German Adasil SM German Cognis Albafix ECO Laxsof Taiwan Geigy Ent. Silicon Silizen PEP Unisil 2ST Turkey Eksoy Kimyevi Unisil NBI Turkey Eksoy Kimyevi Unisil NLPW Turkey Eksoy Kimyevi Microsillc EG Super

  32. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Literature Review

  33. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Cotton Fiber and its Chemical Structure: The chemical composition of cotton, when picked, is about 94 percent cellulose; in finished fabrics is it 99 percent cellulose. Cotton contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with reactive hydroxyl groups. Glucose is the basic unit of the cellulose molecule. Cotton may have as many as 10,000 glucose monomers per molecule. The molecular chains are arranged in long spiral linear chains within the fiber. The strength of a fiber is directly related to chain length. Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose chains in a cotton fiber. There are three hydroxyl groups that protrude from the ring formed by one oxygen and five carbon atoms. These groups are polar meaning the electrons surrounding the atoms are not evenly distributed. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl group are attracted to many of the oxygen atoms of the cellulose. This attraction is called hydrogen bonding. The bonding of hydrogen's within the ordered regions of the fibrils causes the molecules to draw closer to each other which increases the strength of the fiber. Hydrogen bonding also aids in moisture absorption. Cotton ranks among the most absorbent fibers because of Hydrogen bonding which contributes to cotton's comfort. The chemical reactivity of cellulose is related to the hydroxyl groups of the glucose unit. Moisture, dyes, and many finishes cause these groups to readily react. Chemicals like chlorine bleaches attack the oxygen atom between or within the two ring units breaking the molecular chain of the cellulose. Chemical Structure of Cotton Bleaching: Bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include household "chlorine bleach", a solution of approximately 3–6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and "oxygen bleach", which contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium per-borate, sodium per-carbonate, sodium per- sulfate, sodium per-phosphate, or urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators, e.g. tetraacetylethylenediamine and/or sodium something is to apply bleach, sometimes as a preliminary step in the process of dyeing. nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate. To bleach The bleaching of textiles appears to have been known as early as 300 B.C. when soda ash was prepared from burned seaweed and used to clean cloth. Then the cloth was treated with soured milk to reduce its alkalinity. The bleaching process was completed when the cloth was exposed to the Sun. This type of sun bleaching typically took several weeks. A Swedish chemist discovered chlorine gas in 1784 and succeeded in demonstrating its use for decolorizing vegetable dyes. Fifteen years later a patent was awarded for a bleaching powder formed by the absorption of chlorine gas into dry hydrate of lime. Following World

  34. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT War I the technology for shipping liquid chlorine was developed. This allowed for on-site production of sodium hypochlorite in textile mills and led to the development of other chlorine-based bleaches. In 1928, the first dry calcium hypochlorite bleach containing 70% available chlorine was produced in the United States. This material largely replaced bleaching powder in commercial bleaching. Hydrogen peroxide was prepared as early as 1818 but did not find use in the bleaching of textiles until much later. By 1930, the prices of peroxides had dropped sufficiently to allow the use of hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching of cotton, wool, and silk. By 1940, 65% of all cotton bleaching was done with hydrogen peroxide. Textile bleaching is one of the stages in the manufacture of textiles. All raw textile materials, when they are in natural form, are known as 'greige' material. This greige material will be with its natural color, odour and impurities that are not suitable for clothing materials. Not only the natural impurities will remain on the greige material but also the add-ons that were made during its cultivation, growth and manufacture in the form of pesticides, fungicides, worm killers, sizes, lubricants, etc. The removal of these natural coloring matters and add-ons during the previous state of manufacturing is called scouring and bleaching. Bleaching Chemistry The process of bleaching can be summarized in the following set of chemical reactions: H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + HClO(aq) Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) The H+ion of the hypochlorous acid then dissolves into solution, and so the final result is effectively: 2H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + ClO-(aq) Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) Hypochlorite tends to decompose into chloride and a highly reactive form of oxygen: ClO- Cl-+ O This oxygen then reacts with organic substances to produce bleaching or antiseptic effects. Reactive Dye: The best dyes, by far, to use for cotton and other cellulose fibers are the fiber reactive dyes. They are much brighter, longer-lasting, and easier-to-use than all-purpose dyes. Reactive dyes first appeared commercially in 1956, after their invention in 1954 by Rattee and Stephens at the Imperial Chemical Industries Dyestuffs Division site in Blackley, Manchester, United Kingdom. Reactive dyes are used to dye cellulosic fibres. The dyes contain a reactive group, either a haloheterocycle or an activated double bond, that, when applied to a fibre in an alkaline dye bath, forms a chemical bond with an hydroxyl group on the cellulosic fibre. Reactive dyeing is now the most important method for the coloration of cellulosic fibres. Reactive dyes can also be applied on wool and nylon; in the latter case they are applied under weakly acidic conditions. Reactive dyes have a low utilization degree compared to other types of dyestuff, since the functional group also bonds to water, creating hydrolysis.

  35. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Reactive dyes are categorized by functional group Functional group Monochlorotriazine Fixation Haloheterocycle Temperature 80o Included in Brands Basilen E & P Cibacron E Procion H,HE Cibacron F & C Basilen M Procion MX Levafix EA Drimarene K & R Levafix E Drimarene X & Z Cibacron T Remazol Remazol 40o 30o Haloheterocycle Haloheterocycle Monofluorochlorotriazine Dichlorotriazine 40o Haloheterocycle Difluorochloropyrimidine 40o 80-98o Haloheterocycle Haloheterocycle Dichloroquinoxaline Trichloropyrimidine 40o 40o activated double bond activated double bond Vinyl sulfone Vinyl amide Dyestuffs with only one functional group sometimes have a low degree of fixation. To overcome these dyestuffs containing two different reactive groups (i.e. one monochlorotriazin and one vinyl sulfone) were created. Bifunctional Dyestuffs containing two groups are also known as bifunctional dyestuffs, though some still refers to the original combination. Other type of bifunctional dyes has been introduced. The first bifunctional dye made where more tolerant to temperature deviations (better process). Other bifunctionals are created, some with fastness (better quality) or only fixation degree (better environment/economy) in mind. Reactive dyes have good fastness properties owing to the bonding that occurs during dyeing. Cotton is made of cellulose molecules which react with the dye .During reactive dyeing the H atom in the cellulose molecule combines with the cl atom in the dyeing process and results in a bond. Trifunctional dyestuffs also exist.Procion MX. Many people feel quite strongly that the best dye choice for the beginner, as well as for many experienced dyers, is Procion MX, because this dye is very easy to work with. The dyes are relatively non-toxic. Other advantages include the remarkable wash fastness found in all fiber-reactive dyes. Optimum reaction temperatures for Procion MX dyes are between 95° and 105°F = 35° to 41°C (except for turquoise, which prefers up to 130°F = 55°C) Cibacron F. Another very good fiber reactive dye for artists and crafters to use is the Cibacron F line. (Don't confuse Cibacron F with just plain Cibacron! They can be completely different types of dyes; be sure you get the type with the "F" suffix.) Like Procion MX dyes, Cibacron F dyes can be used in warm water, instead of extremely hot water like some dyes. Its advantages over Procion MX dyes are that it 'keeps' better in solution, so you can store and possibly even buy it already in solution (liquid form), avoiding the safety hazard of breathing dye powder; it is also much easier to wash the excess dye out of the fabric when using Cibacron F dyes than when using Procion MX. However, the Cibacron F line has one major drawback when compared to the Procion MX line: there is not as wide a choice of colors.

  36. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Cibacron F dyes can be used according to the exact same recipe as Procion MX dyes, and even mixed freely with them. However, Cibacron F dyes are slightly less quick to react than Procion MX type, which is why they can be stored so much longer after dissolving them in water than the Procion MX type dyes; this also means that slightly higher temperatures are needed. Optimum temperatures for Cibacron F dyes are slightly higher than for Procion MX dyes. Ciba says 55° to 65°C (130° to 150°F); ProChem (Sabracron F) says 45 to 55°C. (113° to 130°F) Drimarene K. This is the remaining popular "cool water" fiber reactive dye. It requires higher temperatures still than Cibacron F, but does not require steaming. Instructions for Drimarene K dyes can be found at Batik Oetoro; they are very similar in action to MX type dyes, except for requiring a minimum temperature of 35°C or 95°F. The greatest drawback, besides the need to find a warm place for the dye reaction to occur, is the lack of a truly rich red. Drimarene K has optimum temperatures around 60°C (140°F) for most colors, 80°C (176°F) for turquoise and a couple of others. Procion H dyes are usually used for silk painting; they require steaming or simmering to fix to cotton or silk. They are chemically similar to Procion MX dyes, being monochlorotriazines, but they are far less reactive, and will not work at all well at room temperature. Procion H dyes, may be fixed to cotton using a high-pH solution such as sodium silicate at room temperature, or by moderate heating. Vinyl sulfone dyes are particularly useful for chemical resist dyeing , in which two different types of fiber reactive dyes are used to print foreground and background in different colors. Remazol dyes are more suitable for dyeing for later discharge (bleaching) than are other fiber reactive dyes. Levafix. made by Dystar, for small-scale users. Their temperature optimum is around 50°C (122°F). This is lower than the optimum temperature of 60° to 80° C. for the Drimarene K dyes, which can be used in "cold" dyeing, but higher than the optimum temperature of about 35° to 40°C (95° to 105°F) for Procion MX. It is not necessary to get quite as high as the optimal temperature in order to have acceptable results. Dissolving the Dyes The dyes are in most cases readily water-soluble. They are dissolved either by passing with cold water to which is then added hot water or by strewing the dye powder into hot water which is stirred at high speed. Usually a temperature not greater than 80ºC is used for dissolution. In the case of highly reactive dyes such as Procion MX (ICI) warm (50-60ºC) water is used. Since the dyes are prone to hydrolysis stock solutions should not be stored for long periods. Reaction with Cellulosic fiber Reactive dyes formed covalent bond with cellulosic fiber by Nucleophilic substitution and addition reaction. The reactions are as follows ----- Substitution reaction: D – R – Cl + HO - Cell  D – R – O – Cell + HCl

  37. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Addition reaction: D – F – CH2= CH2+ HO – Cell  D – F – CH2– CH2– O – Cell Reaction with water: The cold brand reactive dyes are highly reactive in nature. They react also with water and get hydrolyzed. The reaction is as follows ---- D – R – Cl + HOH  D – R – OH + HCl The hydrolyzed dye is also colored substances and has very low substantivity for the cellulosic fiber. So they are attached with fiber surface after dyeing. If they do not washed away from the fiber surface the fastness property of the fiber must be very low. Salts used for Reactive Dyeing Depends on the substantivity to increase the exhaustion, salt like common salt (NaCl) or Glouber’s salt (Na2SO4) is used. Alkalis for Reactive Dyeing The common alkalis used for reactive dyeing are sodium bi-carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium phosphate (Na3PO4). Sodium silicate is very strong alkali and only used for deep dyeing. Sodium carbonate is mostly used alkali in reactive dyeing. Eliminating the hydrolyzed dye The hydrolyzed dye is also colored substances and has very low substantivity for the cellulosic fiber. They tend to stay on the fiber surface after dyeing for sometimes although there is no bond between the dye and the fiber. These unfixed dyes come of the fibers when washed or rubbed subsequently. If they do not washed away from the fiber surface the rubbing and wash fastness property of the fiber must be very low. The presence of electrolytes in the washing water causes an increase in the hydrolyzed dye affinity making it difficult to extract, therefore very saline water must be avoided even if this water conditioned. Optical Brightener Optical brighteners, optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) or fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region (usually 340-370nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470nm). Fluorescent activity is a short term or rapid emission response, unlike phosphorescence, which is a delayed emission. These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of fabric and paper, causing a perceived "whitening" effect, making materials look less yellow by increasing the overall amount of blue light reflected. Properties The most common classes of chemicals with this property are the stilbenes and older, non- commercial fluorescent dyes such as umbelliferone, which absorb energy in the UV portion of the spectrum and re-emit it in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the

  38. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. There are approximately 400 brightener types listed in the Color Index, but less than 90 are actually produced commercially and only a handful are commercially important. Generically, the C.I. FBA number can be assigned to a specific molecule, however, some are duplicated, since manufacturers apply for the index number when they produce it. The global OBA production for paper, textiles and detergents is dominated by just a few di- and tetra- sulfonated triazole-stilbenes and a di-sulfonated stilbene-biphenyl. These are subject to fading when exposed long term to UV, due to the formation of optically inactive stilbene cis- isomers found at the center of the molecule. All brighteners have extended conjungation and/or aromaticity, allowing for electron movement. Some non-stilbene brighteners are used in more permanent applications such as whitening synthetic fiber. Basic class types of brighteners include: - Triazine-stilbenes (di-, tetra- or hexa-sulfonated) - Coumarins - Imidazolines - Diazoles - Triazoles - Benzoxazolines - Biphenyl-stilbenes Brighteners can be "boosted" by the addition of certain polyols like high molecular weight polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol. These additives increase the visible blue light emissions significantly. Brighteners can also be "quenched". Too much use of brightener will often cause a greening effect as emissions start to show above the blue region in the visible spectrum. Besides the formation of cis isomer in stilbene-containing brighteners (only the trans isomer is optically active), continued exposure to UV-containing light will actually cleave the molecule and start the process of degradation. Common uses Brighteners are commonly added to laundry detergents to replace whitening agents removed during washing and to make the clothes appear cleaner. Optical brighteners have replaced bluing which was formerly used to produce the same effect. Some brighteners can cause allergic reactions when in contact with skin, depending on the individual. Brighteners are used in many papers, especially high brightness papers, resulting in their strongly fluorescent appearance under UV illumination. Paper brightness is typically measured at 457nm, well within the fluorescent activity range of brighteners. Paper used for banknotes does not contain optical brighteners, so a common method for detecting counterfeit notes is to check for fluorescence. A side effect of optical whitening is to make the treated fabrics more visible with Night Vision Devices than non-treated ones. This may or may not be desirable for military or other applications. Optically brightened paper is often not useful in exacting photographic or art applications, since the whiteness decreases with time. Endues of optical brighteners include: - Detergent whitener (instead of blueing agents) - Paper brightening (internal or in a coating) - Fiber whitening (internal, added to polymer melts) -Textile whitening (external, added to fabric finishes)

  39. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Mercerization Mercerized cotton is cotton which has been treated with sodium hydroxide to bring out certain properties first discovered by John Mercer in 1851. In 1890, Horace Lowe added an additional step to the process, and the British cotton industry began to take an interest in mercerized cotton, which is available today in a wide range of incarnations from thread to completed garments. When treated properly, mercerized cotton is stronger, smoother, and shinier than regular cotton. In addition, it takes dye more readily so that manufacturers can create rich color saturation in their cottons. The brilliant, lustrous hues of Mercerized cotton can be found in fabric stores, yarn shops, and department stores all over the world. John Mercer discovered that immersing fibers such as cotton and linen in a caustic soda bath would increase their strength and also allow them to take dye more readily. He patented his fiber work, but the cotton industry did not express very much interest in it. It was Horace Lowe who popularized the process, by discovering that keeping the fibers under tension while they were soaked yielded a more lustrous thread. Mercer's name is presumably given to the process to recognize his important initial discovery, which paved the way to Lowe's refinement of the treatment. Mercerization starts with gathering the cotton and spinning it normally. Because cottons with long fibers take better to mercerization, Pima, Egyptian, and Sea Island cotton are usually chosen for the process. The cotton thread is held under tension and submerged in a highly alkaline bath of sodium hydroxide in a percentage which ranges, but usually hovers around 22%. After treatment, the mercerized cotton is placed into an acidic bath to neutralize it. Once this process is complete, the cotton can be dyed and knitted, woven, or packed as stand- alone spools of thread. The terms "pearl cotton" and "pearle cotton" are also used to refer to Mercerized cotton, because of the deeply lustrous appearance of the finished cotton thread. In addition to having rich color saturation and a shimmering appearance, mercerized cotton is also much stronger than conventional cotton thread. The process shrinks the cotton fibers, tightening and smoothing the grain of the thread. Because the cotton is preshrunk, mercerized cotton also tends not to shrink as much as regular cotton, so consumers can be more confident about the fit of mercerized garments. Mercerization Process Single Mercerization is a process in which the yarn used to make a shirt is run through the middle of an open flame at a very high speed. It passes through so quickly that the yarn itself doesn't burn but the millions of fuzzies and slubs on the yarn are eliminated instantly. This makes the yarn stronger. Since there is no fuzz on the yarn, it is held together better and can no longer unravel by itself. The yarn is also less prone to shrinking because the mercerization process literally pre-shrinks the fabric. Mercerization also cleans the yarn and gives it a strong affinity for dye. While normal cotton yarn has no clarity or depth to it's color, Mercerized yarn accepts the dye much better and the colors come out deeper, sharper and have a very clean look. The fabric now looks and feels ten times better. Single Mercerization is a huge step up from the quality of regular cotton shirts but Double Mercerization takes it even a step further. During the knitting process some fuzzies will ultimately resurface. In Double Mercerization the knitted fabric undergoes a second Mercerization process to remove these. The fabric is placed in a chemical bath using caustic soda to once again remove any additional fuzzies or slubs and is then washed clean. This makes the fabric even stronger and makes it look and feel even better. It has a luster and sheen that is unmatched. Double mercerized fabric feels so soft and smooth its look and feel can easily be mistaken for silk.

  40. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Chemical Laboratory

  41. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Chemical Lab Layout 1 Way of physical lab & sample section of bleached fabrics 19 2 ENTRANCE P a s s i n g 3 18 w a y 4 17 5 20 6 16 7 8 21 22 9 15 12 14 23 13 11 10

  42. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Description of the Chemical Lab Layout Sl. No. 1 Equipment Light box Manufacturer UK 2 Robo lab Greece 3 Ahiba Nuance sample Dyeing machine (5 piece) U.S. A. 4 Bath tab & Rack to keep apparatus, chemicals etc. 5 6 Rapid Washer /Quick Wash Plus Electrolux Wascator Rapid SDL 7 8 Soaping (AH2-Y) Rota wash Locally made SDL 9 10 Quick wash SDL Germany Washing machine (Siemens) 11 Rota wash M228 SDL 12 Electrolux Washing machine (especially for H&M) Washing M/C WASCATOR FOM 71 CLS (all buyer) Washing machine Whirlpool Spectrophotometer (Data color 600) Q-SUN Xenon test chamber UK 13 UK 14 15 16 USA USA Bangkok 17 Lab attendant area + pipetting 18 Senior manager desk of QAD 19 Fabric inspection or approval room 20 21 Table for executive task Iron on the stand 22 & 23 Senior Executive desk

  43. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT LIGHT BOX: Figure: Light box & viewed angle Brand name: VeriVide Company name: James. H. Heal Origin: UK Purpose: Sample is examined under different lighting media. With today’s complex color requirements, a shade cannot always be assessed under one light source. Several may be needed so that the shade is viewed in applicable conditions Light Sourc e D65 Name Description C.R .I Length Watts VeriVide D65 "Artificial Daylight VeriVide D65 “Artificial Daylight”. Correlated colour temperature 6500K. Within the tolerances prescribed in BS 950: Part 1; and all international specifications for D65 illuminant. Specified for most applications where there is a need to maintain colour consistency and quality. Conforming highly to the CIE specifications, for accurate colour matching. Tungsten Filament Lighting. Approximate colour temperature of 2800K. Required by BS 950: Part 1 as a test for metamerism (approximating CIE Illuminant ‘A’). Typical light source used environments Tungsten Halogen Lighting (CIE Illuminant ‘A’). This represents incandescent A (inc-A) with a color temperature of 2856K. Typical light source used environments. Used to check for metamerism. 98 600mm 1200mm 1500mm 20w 40w 65w Tungsten Filament 100 40w 60w 150w 60w 60w Globe Globe Round Clear- 284mm Opal-284 F within domestic Tungsten Halogen 100 --------- 35w A within domestic Narrow Lamps. 4000K. CIE Illuminant F11. Often chosen as Band Correlated colour temperature of Triphosphor Fluorescent 85 600mm 1200mm 1500mm 18w 36w 58w 840 P15

  44. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT a European “Point of Sale” light source, with good colour rendering and manufactured to a tighter tolerance specification as prescribed by Marks & Spencer. (Formerly TL84) Cool White Broad Band Fluorescent Lamps. Correlated colour temperature of 4000K. Used as an American “Point of Sale” light source. Moderate colour rendering. Narrow Band Triphosphor Lamp. Correlated colour temperature 3000K. Often chosen as a European “Point of Sale” light source with rendering.(Formerly TL83) Ultra-Violet Black light. Used to detect the presence of Optical Brightening Agents and/or Fluorescent dyes. Therefore it is useful when assessing white and Fluorescent shades to check the level present and its evenness. Cool White 62 600m 1200mm 1500mm 20w 40w 65/80 w 18w 40w 65/80 w CWF Fluorescent 85 600mm 1200mm 1500mm 830 good colour Ultra Violet N/A Clear- 450mm Blacklight -600mm 15w 18w UV SAMPLE DYEING MACHINE Figure: Sample dyeing Machine Machine name: Top Speed II Brand name: Ahiba Nuance Company name: Data color Origin: America. Uses A rotary dyeing machine yielding the highest production in the laboratory. Process: Exhaust Fibers: Synthetic, Natural, Blends Substrate: Piece, Skein, Loose Stock, Top Testing: Fastness Testing Benefits - Laboratory recipes correlate with production recipes - Uniform temperature inside each dyeing beaker - Level dyeing

  45. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT - Unlimited program storage and easy program editing Dyeing Positions & Beaker Size 20 x 150cc beakers (Two machine) 15 x 300cc beakers (Three machine) Features - Infrared heating; Water Cooling - Easy to program controller with memory card - Precision control and constant monitoring of dyeing parameters - Programmable speed and constant movement of the dye bath and substrate - Manual auxiliary additions - Machine standard rpm is 35 - Each M/C contains one sensor beakers. ROBO LAB Figure: ROBOLAB 240 (Auto dispenser) Manufacturer: Sclavos Country of Origin: Greece Manufacturing Year: 2001 Total Weight: 800kg Stroke force: 7kw Electric consumption: 220v Dimension: Length = 200 cm, Width = 170cm, Height = 200cm. Purpose: -Uniform mixing of dyes. - Mixing up to 24 hours. - To ensure uniform solubility. - Automatic pipetting. Features  Fully automated dyestuff solution preparation.  Fully automated dispensing of dyeing recipes.  High dispensing accuracy +/- 0.003 g

  46. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  High dyestuff solution accuracy +/- 0.0001%  Fast solution preparation (4 min.) & fast recipe dispensing (2 min. with 3 ingredients)  Patented gravimetric dispensing system  Direct dispensing into the beaker.  Compatibility with beakers of many lab machinery manufacturers.  Windows operating system.  Available in various languages  Data transfer via floppy disk or network. Rapid washing machine  Soaping is done after neutralization to remove unfixed dyes.  Dyeing is also possible except polyester.  Temperature: 95c (Max).  Speed: 60 rpm.  At a time 24 samples would be washing. Washing Machine Figure: Electrolux lab washing machine Place of Origin: Finland Used but excellent: Year approx 2006 Model Number: Wascator FOM71MP-Lab Brand Name: Electrolux Standard reference washing machine Wascator FOM71MP-Lab is manufactured by Electrolux AB, Sweden. The machine is used to determine the stability of fabrics and garments to washing and to investigate the effects of detergents and chemicals. The machine is in very good condition and fully operational. It is robustly constructed and the drum and external panels are manufactured in stainless steel and are rigidly fixed to a galvanized internal frame. This Wascator is microprocessor controlled and accepts up to 99 programs which can be entered or modified by the user, either manually at the keypad or electronically from a cassette. The Liquid crystal display shows up to four lines of text. The unit is programmed with BS, ISO, IWS and M&S test programs.

  47. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Machine physically:     Rota wash Width 660 mm Depth 630 mm Height 1070 mm Weight approx 120 kg Figure: Color fastness test machine Brand name: Rota wash Company name: SDL ATLAS Country of origin: UK Feature  Using this machine for test color fastness to wash  This machine contains some jar  Also contains 25 steel ball (5mm diameter)  Machine running time accordingly test method used.  Machine run rotationally. Quick Wash Plus Figure: Quick wash machine

  48. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Machine name: Quick wash plus Company name: SDL ATLAS Origin: UK Features  Less than 20 minute wash and dry time.  5 chamber bins handles multiple samples and weights.  Handles from 1-20 samples per bin depending on fabric weight.  Microprocessor controlled wash & dry sequences.  Prolonged programs for AATCC & other testing method.\ Table top maintaining.  Electronic air & water control & display. Optional fully automatic four liquid dispensing systems. Utilize operator time more efficiently. Utilize space not taken by traditional washer & dryer more efficiently. Quality control-testing dimensional stability, spirality and finish durability. Specification Accessories: Sample tongs Fabric making templates (2) Direct reading shrinkage ruler Marker pens (yellow & black) Sample size: 20*20 cm to 25*25 cm Cycle time: 12-45 minutes, Pre-programmed cycles up to 10. Number of specimens: 1 to 20 per cycle depending on sample weight. Water temperature: up to 70C Air temperature: Up to 90C Air pressure: 2.4 to 4.8 bar Water volume: 2.0 to 4.5 liter Siemens Washing Machine

  49. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Figure: Washing machine especially for Puma Product name: Washing Machines Brand: Siemens Origin: Germany Feature Label: A / A / C Capacity: 5 kg Spin speed: 1000/600 rpm Buttons: Rinse Hold, Spin speed reduction, Start Easy-care program: 30°C, 40°C, 60°C Wash optimization: Spin off, Spin speed reduction, Start  Multiple water protection  LED program progress indicators  Aquatronic wash system  Automatic load adjustment system  Unbalanced load detection  Foam detection system  30 cm porthole with 140 degree opening door can be built-under  Whites and colored program: 30°C, 40°C, 60°C, 60°C Pre-washing, 60° Stains Intensive, 90°C  Water protection system  Fully electronic control dials for wash programs, temperature and special programs Special programs: stains, pre-wash, hand-wash wool and delicates

  50. TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Rota wash M228 Figure: Color fastness to wash test machine Machine name: Rota wash Company name: SDL ATLAS Origin: UK Feature  Increased capacity is capable of holding the same amount of 550 ml or 1200 ml containers  No extra hardware tools or adaptors are required for 1200 ml containers.  Graphical display panel equipped with multi function controller frequency operation.  Built in testing programs for various international standards including ISO.  Communication part for routine updating. The redesigned Rota wash color fastness tester offers many feature upgrades that make it more efficient & easier for the lab technician to operate. The new graphical display & integrated controller provide an easy operating interface. All functions of the Rota wash are preciously controlled.  Water temperature.  Test duration  Rate of temperature rise.  Water level adjustment (Drain & Filling).  Rotation of container for loading & unloading.  Test method selection.

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