The Counterculture & Protest 1960 - 1980

1. Chapter 27 The Counterculture & Protest1960 - 1980

2. The Youth Movement • Challenged: • Political & social system • Conventional Middle Class values • Inspired by the Beats (of the 1950’s) • Originated with “Baby Boomers” • By 1970- 58.4% of US 34 years old or younger. • 1960-1965- enrollment in 4 year colleges went from 3.1 million to 5 million. * (1959)Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • 1962*Port Huron Statement (Tom Hayden) • Anti-Vietnam War • Anti-Big Corporation & Big Government • Anti-Apathy • Also worked against poverty, nuclear power & racism

3. Free Speech Movement • *Mario Savio (leader) • UC Berkley limited student publications & recruitment for political causes • Dec. 1964- Savio & UC Berkeley students held sit-ins on campus & police arrested 700. • Supreme Court said students have a right to free speech and assembly on campus

4. The Counterculture • Mostly white middle class • Hippies- rejected society • Communes • Living & working together away from the rest of society • *Haight Ashbury District Popular destination for US hippies (San Francisco) New Religion • Unification Church • Hare Krishna

5. Decline & Impact of the Counterculture • After a few years the counterculture declined. Reasons: • Hippie communes became dangerous • Drug addiction =(death & overdoses) • Many hippies got older & moved on Impactof the Counterculture. • Fashion- wore cheap surplus clothes from earlier decades, long hair= rejected consumerism • Music- made use of folk music & rhythm & blues. • 1969-Woodstock (up state NY)- outdoor music festival featured singers Bob Dylan, The Who etc.

6. Art • Pop Art • Contained elements of popular culture • Andy Warhol • Pop artist • Famous people

7. Music • Beatles • Bob Dylan • Jimi Hendrix • All of these created a bigger generation gap between old & young • Woodstock • Upstate NY August 1969 • Festival of music

8. A Renewed Women’s Movement • 19th Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote. • Next 40 years, women’s movement had little influence. • WWII- women given greater opportunities for work outside home. • Post WWII- society emphasized a homemaking role. • 1960 –1/3 of married women were part of the paid workforce.

9. Women and the Workplace • Newspaper ads separated jobs by gender. • Banks denied women credit. • Women paid less than men for doing same work. • President’s Commission on the Status of Women (Kennedy) • 1963- Equal Pay Act passed.

10. The Feminist Movement • Feminism • belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically and socially • *The Feminine Mystique • By *Betty Friedan – best selling book • Exposed sense of dissatisfaction women had with the traditional role. • Title VII: of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed job discrimination based on gender • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Demanded greater educational opportunities (formed by Friedan & others).

11. The Feminist Movement • Gloria Steinem: author & public figure - one of the movement’s leading figures (editor—Ms. Magazine). • *Title IX: prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against women • 1973- Roe v Wade: ruled that the states could not regulate abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy because it was a time that would violate the woman’s right to privacy- abortion is legal! • Right to Life: anti-abortion movement • Equal Rights Amendment: would have protected women against discrimination – it failed (3 states refused to ratify) opposition –Phyllis Schlafly

12. African Americans • *Affirmative Action: • companies doing business with federal government should actively recruit African American employees to improve social and economic status • *University of California Regents v Bakke (1978): • ruled schools could use racial criteria as part of their admissions process but couldn’t use fixed quotas • Swan v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1970) : • upheld the constitutionality of busing – transporting minority students to fully integrate schools • White Flight: Whites responded by removing their students from public schools

13. African Americans • Jesse Jackson: • political leader • People United to Save Humanity (PUSH) • worked at registering voters, developing African American businesses and educational opportunities • Congressional Black Caucus: • 1971 African American members of Congress organized to more clearly represent the legislative concerns of blacks

14. Hispanic Americans • *Cesar Chavez: • fought for farm workers for increased wages, union recognition and better benefits • Created United Farm Workers • La RazaUnida (1969): • political party begun in Texas to represent Hispanics • Bilingualism: • teaching in Spanish while also learning English • argument - they would be at a competitive disadvantage with English speakers because difficult to understand in another language • 1968 Bilingual Education Act: • directed schools to set up classes for immigrants in their own language as they were learning English

15. Native Americans • Declaration of Indian Purpose: • called for policies to create greater economic opportunities on reservations • Instead of wanting assimilation they wanted more independence. • Indian Civil Rights Act: • guaranteed reservation residents the protection of the Bill of Rights • American Indian Movement: • a more militant group that made stands at Alcatraz and Wounded Knee in 1970’s. • Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act: • increased funds for Native American education • expanded local control in administering federal programs

16. Save the Earth • *Rachel Carson- *“Silent Spring”- book about pesticide’s effect on the environment. • 1970- Earth Day: • Day devoted to addressing nation’s environmental concerns Environmental Protection Agency: • created in 1970 by Nixon – • set and enforced pollution standards, promoted research and coordinated state activities Clean Air Act: • 1970 Nixon established emissions standards for factories and automobiles & ordered industries to comply with standards • Clean Water Act: 1972 • restricted the discharge of pollutants into the nations’ lakes and rivers • Endangered Species Act: • 1973 established measures for saving threatened animal species • Three Mile Island: March 28, 1979 • nuclear facility outside of Harrisburg Pennsylvania overheated after its cooling system failed & low levels of radiation escaped • National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act: • Ralph Nader in 1966 • regulated the automobile industry for the first time in safety