Vertexing & Tracking Detectors LOCAL MECHANICAL SUPPORTS AND COOLING SYSTEMS

1. IFD2014 INFN Workshop on Future Detectors for HL-LHC March 11-13, 2014 Fondazione Bruno Kessler Vertexing & Tracking Detectors LOCAL MECHANICAL SUPPORTS AND COOLING SYSTEMS Simone Coelli I.N.F.N. - SEZIONE DI MILANO

2. SUMMARY: • HL-LHC UPGRADES FOR THE EXPERIMENT TRACKERS • ATLAS (IBL, ITK) • CMS • ALICE • LHCb (VELO, VELO UPGRADE, UT UPGRADE) • TIMESCALE OVERVIEW • TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS PURSUED • EVAPORATIVE COOLING CnFm, CO2 • ULTRA LIGHT STRUCTURES • REQUIRED KNOW-HOW AND INNOVATIVE MATERIALS • FEA COMPOSITES, CoBRA CALCULATOR • PIPE FOR A CO2 PRESSURE SYSTEM • GLUING IMPROVEMENTS • R&D IN PROGRESS • TRACI SYSTEM AIDA AIDA2 • CO2 PLANTS • POWER-DATA BUS INTEGRATION • PHASE-I: LHCb VELO UPGRADE AND UT UPGRADE, CMS? • NA62 GTK • OTHER R&D • HOMOGENEOUS STAVE (CO2 PIPE) • FULL SILICON STAVE • COLLABORATION WITH INDUSTRIES S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

3. COMMON CONSIDERATIONS • R&D for PHASE-II builds on the design of the PHASE-I UPGRADES • In some cases PHASE-I UPGRADES => produce detectors that can operate successfully throughout PHASE-II • in other cases PHASE-I UPGRADES provide an infrastructure that can facilitate the additional modifications necessary for PHASE-II • demands of PHASE-II may require the complete replacement of some detectors • R&D for PHASE-II and PHASE-I UPGRADES take place over the same 5 year period 2011-2016 => competion for human and financial resources S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

4. COMMON CONSIDERATIONS • The tracking system has to be enhanced • higher radiation resistance (both instantaneous and integrated) • silicon sensor operation require more stringent temperature control (to limit the leakage current in the high radiation environment) • upgraded Silicon Tracker will dissipate as much power as the present one if not more • More efficient cooling methods have to be used => to reduce the mass of cooling pipes and heat exchangers • new tracker has to comply with constraints coming from the existing detector => total available cross section of conductors, cooling pipes etc S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

5. ATLAS S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

6. ATLAS Upgrade of the Inner Tracking System The current detector consists of 3 layers of pixels, 4 layers of silicon microstrips (SCT) and a straw tube tracker equipped with radiators to generate transition radiation (TRT) An additional innermost layer (IBL) of pixel detectors will be added to the ID during the LS1 The new tracker concept presented in the LETTER OF INTENT is an all-silicon design, based on technologies that are already being prototyped, or are a realistic improvement on existing solution An all-silicon-detector tracker: pixel sensors at the inner radii Surrounded by microstripsensors largely based on existing solutions Before the start of production of the detector there will be several more years of R&D addressing the requirements of HL-LHC physics in particular finer granularity higher bandwidth reduced material This effort should allow the use of more performant technologies as they become available. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

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9. ATLAS PIXEL system I-beam solution baseline for the innermost two layers. thin carbon-fibre laminates provide stiffness and a mechanical support for the pixel modules. different module sizes in the two layers inherent stiffness not need an external support structure. bare stave contribution to the material budget is only 0.43% X0 per layer / normal allows fast replacement can be mounted as “clam shells” for extraction without breaking the LHC vacuum. End view illustrating layout of I-beams for two inner pixel layers I-beam concept prototype and cross-section diagram for two inner pixel layers The core of the mechanical support will be made of extremely light weight carbon foam, which still provides a very high thermal conductivity. The heat from the electronics is cooled with CO2 evaporating in very thin titanium pipes I-beam staves are very stiff and designed to be end-supported S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

10. The baseline for the outer two barrel layers improvement of the IBL stave carbon foam as core material Embedded hard bonded titanium cooling pipes stiffness of the structure is provided by an omega shaped carbon fibre laminate bonded to the foam need support shells. Details of the overlap region of the pixel barrel with IBL stave option Sketch of the various components of the IBL stave and an actual stave ready for module loading S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

11. Prototype of an alpine stave Disks will be made of a carbon-foam core with an embedded cooling pipe and power and data cables and with a carbon-fibre skin glued to each side S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

12. ATLAS STRIP system core of carbon fibre honeycomb and carbon foam with embedded cooling pipes is sandwiched between two carbon fibre facings with CO2 cooling at -30 C. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

13. Cooling • CO2 two-phase will achieve enhanced cooling performance with a lightweight system. • Some of the main advantages of CO2 cooling are: • the high latent heat allows the use of small pipes • as well as large heat load per single channel, possibly reducing needs for manifolding; • the high heat transfer coefficient allows smaller heat-exchanger contacts • CO2 is a natural substance, which is more environmentally friendly and less expensive than fluorocarbons. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

14. Cooling R&D consists of characterizing through laboratory measurements heat transfer and mass flow of two-phase CO2 in small channel deriving guidelines for detector cooling optimization dimensions of the pipes and heat exchangers, and operating pressure developing numerical models that correctly describe the flows and heat transfers provide all the information needed for the pixel and for the whole tracker cooling design design and engineering of the system and analysis of system aspects such as manifolding, which will pose novel challenges due to the much larger scale of the system. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

15. Cooling • The entire tracker will be cooled by a two phase system with liquid boiling in the staves, disks and petals • to cool the modules and remove all heat produced in the tracker volume. • The overall power to be removed from the tracker volume is currently • estimated at • 180 kW nominal • 240 kW with safety-factors, at a coolant temperature of - 35 °C. • Liquid CO2 is chosen as the coolant baseline, because of its high heat transfer coefficient at the required temperature • => This allows for very small cooling-tube diameters (2 mm), which reduce radiation lengths, are easier to handle, and reduce forces due to thermal expansions and contractions. • ATLAS is building up experience with CO2 cooling in the IBL project. • There is a large development needed to go from the IBL scale (3 kW) to the 200 kW needed • for the tracker. The aim is to scale up an IBL-like design to about 20 kW and then install 10 • or so identical copies in the space in USA15 vacated by the current C3F8 compressors. In case • of unforeseen problems, the option of using fluorocarbon cooling is kept as a back-up. This will • require a mixture of C2F6 and C3F8 to achieve the required termperatures. • The CO2 cooling system transports cold fluids (- 40 °C) and therefore needs insulated lines. • The current ID cooling system transports room-temperature fluids, and so are not insulated. Furthermore • the CO2 tubes need to be tested up to about 100 bar, beyond the safe operation of the • current ID tubes. Hence new CO2 lines will need to be installed. The number though is very small: • 10 lines are planned from USA15, one to each PP2 platform. Each line has two concentric tubes, • the inner as inlet and the outer as return line; these are surrounded by a few cm of insulation. At • PP2 each will be distributed into many more lines (about 45), with a final splitting inside the tracker • of about one to four S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

16. CMS Upgrade Pixel System The goal of the Phase 1 upgrade is to replace the present pixel detector • replacement of the current 3-layer barrel (BPIX), 2-disk endcap (FPIX) system • => with a 4-layer barrel, 3-disk endcap system for four hit coverage • ultra-lightweight support with CO2 cooling • displacement of the electronic boards and connections out of the tracking volume for material reduction • The upgraded pixel system will have a reduced mass, a reduced innermost radius and increased lever arm Schematic view of the upgraded pixel detector S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

17. CMS Upgrade Pixel Detector Upgrade To reduce material, adopt two-phase CO2 cooling and light-weight mechanical support, moving the electronic boards and connections out of the tracking volume The objective is to have the system installed and commissioned during the 2016 shutdown Two-phase CO2 cooling will replace the current single phase C6F14 resulting in significant material reduction. We plan to use thin-walled stainless steel pipes with a diameter of about 1.6mm and wall thickness of 0.1mm which will provide enough cooling power for each pixel sub-assembly based on a continuous loop. Further material reduction will be achieved by using longer twisted pair or light-weight flex-cables to carry the signals to the optical hybrid boards; these boards, as well as the port cards and cooling manifolds, will be moved out of tracking region. changing the minimum diameter of the central part of the CMS beam pipe cylindrical piece is made out of 0.8mm thick beryllium from 58mm to 50mm it is proposed to install a new central beam pipe with an inner diameter of 50mm together with the new pixel detector. The smaller beam pipe diameter allows the reduction of the first barrel layer radius from 4.4 cm to about 3.9 cm. A further reduction to 3.4 cm is under study. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

18. CMS Upgrade Prototype of the mechanical structure for the innermost layer. To illustrate its lightweight, a carbon fiber ladder is laid upon the half-barrel. The mechanical stability of the ladder is given by the cooling tubes. Edge Cooling Concept: cooling tube captured inside carbon-carbon ring with carbon fiber skins. Each module has a pair of module holders made out of G9 glued at each end for attachment to the precision holes on the substrate. Cooling is provided at the end(s) of the blade by contact with the actively CO2 - cooled ring(s). Each substrate is glued permanently to the rings so that the whole ring and substrate assembly with embedded cooling tubes could be constructed as a complete structure. Solid TPG (0.68mm thick) encapsulated with carbon-fiber facings (0.06mm thick). Upgrade Blade - identical blades are used in the inner and outer assemblies of all half disks. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

19. The development of the CO2 cooling system for the pixel detector requires a substantial R&D program: Characterization of heat transfer. The pixel detector cooling uses miniature pipes laboratory measurements to characterize the process in the relevant domain, and improve the existing theoretical models accordingly. 2. Optimization of the on-detector cooling. the key to reduce the detector material The heat transfer from the silicon sensors to the structure, through the pipe walls into the coolant has to be maximized, while minimizing the amount of material and at the same time ensure reliable thermal joints with reproducible performance. The crucial aspects are the choice of the pipe material and size, pipe fittings and connection techniques, design of thermal joints and choice of thermally conductive materials. 3. System design and integration (i) design of the cooling station (ii) design of the control and monitoring system, choice of the instrumentation iii) design of the cooling channels, fittings prototypes of mechanical structures of both BPIX and FPIX have already been tested with CO2 cooling in realistic conditions, and extensive thermal modelling studies are underway. Although substantial optimization work is still to be done, the results collected so far indicate that suitable performance can be achieved with miniature pipes and lightweight contacts. System design and integration studies will be a main focus for the coming 1-2 years. A fullscale system has been built in the CERN CryoLab S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

20. LHCb Upgrade • VELO DETECTOR • ACTUAL DETECTOR • THE FIRST CO2 COOLED DETECTOR AT CERN • GOOD EXPERIENCE IN PHASE-0 • VELO DETECTOR • UPGRADE • THE FIRST SILICON MICRO-CHANNEL CO2 COOLED AT CERN S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

21. LHCb Upgrade • UT Upgrade S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

22. DETECTOR COOLING LAY-OUT • supposing to have a modularity with the four UT detector planes divided in: • 1 right half box (composed of 4 half planes) • 1 left half box (composed of 4 half planes) • «CENTRAL» stavepower ~ 90 W • «HALF PLANE»power ~ 500 W • To start thinking on the connectivity of the coolingsystemexploiting CO2 evaporationsystem • Proposal: use for each «halfplane» • 1 lowerinletmanifold, distributingliquid CO2 to the staves • 1 uppermanifold, collectinghexaust CO2 (partiallyevaporated) from the staves «lefthalfplane» «right halfplane» CO2 (~ 50%) Halfplanes are Supposed to move to open like in the actualtracker X := thermodynamictitle Saturatedliquid = 0% Saturatedvapour =100% CO2 (X = 0)

23. DETECTOR COOLING LAY-OUT • The CO2 coolingplantshould be a 2PACL • system with coolingcapacity: 4000 Watt@-30 °C • Need a specificplant design • Similar to VELO Upgrade • Actual LHCb- VELO • Cooling capacity: 1500 W@-30°C • CONCEPTUAL BRANCHES LAY-OUT S. Coelli, M. Monti - INFN MILANO

24. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A DETECTOR SUB-ASSEMBLY • HALF BOX • composed of 4 half planes • THIS IS A 9 STAVES HALF PLANE OUTLET LINE FROM UPPER MANIFOLD OPENABLE DETECTOR SUPRT FRAME • BEAMPIPE • CROSS SECTION • MAYBE ONE MANIFOLD OR 4 MANIFOLDS CONNECTED? INLET LINE TO BOTTOM MANIFOLD A SYSTEM SHOULD BE DESIGNED THAT ALLOW TO MOVE INLET AND OUTLET SUPPLY LINES FOR THE OPENING FIXED SUPPORT STRUCTURE S. Coelli, M. Monti - INFN MILANO

25. HALF PLANE • FLOW DISTRIBUTION • IN THIS SITUATION USING EVAPORATIVE • COOLING: • THERMO-HYDRAULIC INSTABILITIES CAN ARISE! • GEOMETRY OF THE SERPENTINE FOR THE CENTRAL STAVE • IS DIFFERENT: • 4 MORE BENDS • > TOTAL LENGHT • COOLING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION • USE OF INLET CAPILLARIES WITH A DEDICATED CALIBRATION • IT SHOULD BE NECESSARY A FULL SCALE SYSTEM TEST • AT LEAST FOR THIS SUBASSEMBLY APPROXIMATE STAVE POWER DISTRIBUTION THE STAVES HAVE DIFFERENT THERMAL LOADS S. Coelli, M. Monti - INFN MILANO

26. HALF PLANE • FLOW DISTRIBUTION TEST SET-UP • COLLABORATION IN PROGRESS • TO BUILD 4 TRACI UNITS • MILANO • CERN • NICKEF • OXFORD • SHEFFIELD • LIVERPOOL THE MOST UMBALANCED SITUATION TO BE TESTED TO DEMONSTRATE STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM • ONLY CENTRAL STAVE POWER ON • TRACI COOLING SYSTEM COULD BE USED (POWER 100 W) S. Coelli, M. Monti - INFN MILANO

27. LHCb Upgrade S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

28. ALICE Upgrade The total power dissipated for the whole new ITS detector is about 15 kW. The cooling system has to remove this heat from the detector barrels. The design of the cooling system is driven by several requirements related to the material budget, long-term stability, erosion resistance, chemical compatibility, minimal temperature gradients and cooling duct temperature above the dew point. The detector will be operated around room temperature S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

29. ALICE Upgrade Stave will have a cooling duct embedded in a carbon structure which will remove the dissipated heat by a leakless (below atmospheric pressure) de-mineralized water ow. Alternative coolants such as C4F10 are being considered for the Inner Layers dry air-ow will remove small temperature gradients and will help to protect against dust and to control the humidity S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

30. ALICE Upgrade Alternative Stave implementation options Microchannel cooling systems microchannel array fabricated either in a polyimide substrate or a silicon substrate. silicon microchannels started to be considered also for application on particle detectors cooling In the PH-DT group at CERN, several studies are on-going to investigate the application of silicon microchannels for on-detectors electronics cooling For cooling the Inner Layers of the future ALICE ITS detector, special silicon frames with embedded microchannels are under study for ow boiling of perfluorobutane (C4F10). The study is carried out in collaboration with the PH-DT group at CERN, the Two-phase Heat Transfer group at the University of Padova, the CMi and LTCM groups at EPFL (EcolePolytechnique Federale de Lausanne) and the Thai Micro Electronic Centre (TMEC) in Thailand. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

31. ALICE Upgrade For the minimization of the material budget contribution from the cooling system, a special device with a frame design (Fig. B.4) was realized: this design eliminates any material contribution in the inner region while keeping all the advantages linked to microchannel cooling. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

32. ALICE Upgrade Chips embedding in flex A promising alternative to laser soldering consists in embedding the chips inside the FPC during the fabrication process. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

33. ALICE Upgrade S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

34. HL-LHC UPGRADES FOR THE EXPERIMENT TRACKERS TIMESCALE OVERVIEW S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

35. TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS PURSUED • EVAPORATIVE COOLING USING: • CnFm • CO2 • ULTRA LIGHT STRUCTURES: S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

36. REQUIRED KNOW-HOW AND INNOVATIVE MATERIALS • FOR THE DESIGN: • FEA FOR COMPOSITES • NEED CHARACTERIZATION TO HAVE REALISTIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES IN THE MODELS • EXPERIENCE IN MESHING TECHNIQUES FOR VERY MULTY-THIN LAYERED OBJECTS (GLUE) • SOFTWARE ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS • THERMOHYDRAULIC CALCULATION FOR THE COOLING CIRCUIT • SPECIAL ATTENTION TO INSTABILITIES IN 2-PHASE EVAPORATING SYSTEMS • CoBRA (CO2 BRANCH CALCULATOR) TOOL DEVELOPED AT CERN - NICHKEF • FOR THE PROTOTYPE AND DETECTOR REALIZATION: • CO2 PIPING MATERIALS • TITANIUM: low CTE, high rad length, high strenght / pipe acquisition not easy • STAINLESS STEEL: • (ALUMINUM. At the moment not considered for upgrades, used in the actual detector ) • CARBON BASED MATERIALS • CFRP • CARBON FOAMS • GLUING IMPROVEMENTS • TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN CALIBRATED GLUE LAYERS • SUFFICIENT FOR STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL CONTACT • NOT MORE THAN REQUIRED TO LIMITMATERIAL BUDGET S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

37. R&D IN PROGRESS • PORTABLE COOLING SYSTEM TRACI • AIDA funds • THE FIRST UNIT will be identified as “the” final AIDA deliverable for WP 9.3. • AIDA-2 • WILL CONTINUE THE COOLING ACTIVITIES IN PROGRESS.. • CO2 PLANTS • POWER-DATA BUS • INTEGRATION • PHASE-I: LHCb VELO • UPGRADE AND UT • UPGRADE, CMS? • NA62 GTK S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

38. Traci project • Development of a portable CO2 laboratory cooling unit called Traci • TRACI=Transportable Refrigeration Apparatus for Co2 Investigation. • Development in AIDA framework together with interested partners • Nikhef & CERN lead development • Co-funding from clients • Collaboration with Sheffield, Oxford, Liverpool and Milano • Designed for applications like: • Test beam telescope (AIDA) • Micro channel development (LHCb) • Pixel development (CMS) • Detector thermal/mechanical support structure development (Atlas IBL, ILC-TPC) • Detector commissioning(Atlas IBL) • Portable laboratory cooling unit • Cooling power <100W – 250 W> • Temperature range <- 40 0C;+ 200C> • Turn key Very simple to operate ”fridge like”

39. R&D Homogeneous Stave Braids CARBON-FIBER COOLING PIPE COMPLIANT FOR FOR A CO2 PRESSURE SYSTEM considered as an option both for ATLAS IBL and HL-LHC upgrade structures Wrapping • VERY GOOD RAD LENGTH • ALMOST ZERO CTE • PRESSURE SYSTEM WITH MDP 100 BAR • => THICKNESS OF MATERIAL • LOW TRANSVERSAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY => NEED R&D TO IMPROVE THIS.. • DEDICATED CONNECTIONS TO BE DEVELOPED  several pipes have been produced that meet the specs and, at the moment, two are the validated techniques full homogeneous stave • Institutes and collaborators (2008) • IVW : Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH Kaiserslautern • IFB :Institut für Flugzeugbau Universitat Stuttgart • Wuppertal University • INFN Milano • CPPM Marseille • LAPP Annecy • BERCELLA Carbon Fiber (Parma IT) CF pipe and the Homogeneous Stave still need to go through a rigorous qualification over a wide number of samples S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

40. R&D • FULL SILICON STAVE • SILICON PACKAGE INCLUDING: • ELECTRONICS • STRUCTURAL SUPPORT • SELF SUPPORTING SYSTEM • COOLING CHANNELS • ALICE S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

41. COLLABORATION WITH INDUSTRIES • Peculiarity • of the present systems: • Small detector => Small quantity of material required • Not very attractive business for industry • Need • custom design and prototype qualification • custom production of detector components • => expensive material acquisition and external works (small scale) S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

42. joining techniques Most of these studies are under study IBL Brazing activity Swaging Orbital welding Brazing development @ CERN Brazing work fine on a lot of material (Stainless steel, Ceramics, Titanium …) this technique is compatible with modules on local supports during operation One of the advantage is that this permit mixture of materials (helpful for electrical breaks for example) • no tool available for small pipes welding S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

43. BACK UP SLIDES S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

44. Evaporative Cooling No temperature change with heat input – very useful for uniform temperatures along a stave The boiling process is very violent: bubbles of steam form and float very fast through the liquid, transfering heat rapidly into the bulk Gives very high heat transfer coefficient (W/m2/K) Allows small tubes – low material; easy bending; low forces due to CTE mismatch S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

45. Staves and Petals Combine mechanical support and cooling functions in one Use carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) High Young's Modulus High thermal conductivity Very long radiation length (so low %X0) Titanium cooling tube ~2 mm diam., ~0.1 mm wall thickness – low %X0 Carbon foam to get heat in to tube Low density, hence low %X0 Staves and Petals Combine mechanical support and cooling functions in one Use carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) High Young'sModulus High thermalconductivity Very long radiation length (so low %X0) Titaniumcooling tube ~2 mm diam., ~0.1 mm wallthickness – low %X0 Carbon foam to get heat in to tube Low density, hence low %X0 S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

46. S. Coelli - INFN MILANO

47. Traci design overview • The need for laboratory CO2 cooling is in the order of several 100 watt from room temperature down to -40ºC. • Capacity is a function of temperature. • A kw version under design in collaboration with GSI (Traci-XL) • Stable CO2 temperature, heat load independent • System must be easy to operate by non expert users • On/off button + temperature set point • Stand-alone operation (PC only for monitoring or sending set point commands) • Simplified concept called I-2PACL. • Modified 2PACL concept developed for AMS and LHCb. • Several functions are integrated for a simpler use and operation • 2PACL = 2-Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop • I-2PACL = Integrated 2PACL (several 2PACL functions are integrated into 1 component) • I-2PACL concept is patent pending (CERN&Nikhef)

48. I-2PACL concept Integrated 2-Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop 2-Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop Patented ! (patent owners: CERN & NIKHEF) Used in LHCb-Velo, Atlas IBL & CMS-Pixel

49. Ci aspettiamo che i talk vengano preparati in collaborazione tra gli esperimenti, siano in lingua inglese e rispettino i tempi (stretti) a disposizione. - Breve overview tecnologica specificando lo stato dell'arte e gli sviluppi necessari per soddisfare le richieste dell'esperimento. Principalmente materiale dalle Letter of Intent della Phase II Upgrade o da informazioni più recenti degli sviluppi in corso, indicando i cambiamenti principali da quelli che sono i rivelatori presenti. - Opzioni tecnologiche su cui si punta per soddisfare le richieste degli esperimenti a HL-LHC. Ad esempio per ridurre materiali, resistenza alla radiazione, pile-up di eventi, riduzione costi, etc... - R&D in corso e R&D necessarie: pro's & cons delle tecnologie in gioco, gruppi ed agenzie finanziatrici coinvolte, industrie coinvolte, possibili sinergie tra i gruppi INFN, scala dei tempi indicativa per inquadrare temporalmente gli sviluppi, goals e deliverables. Considerazioni sulle possibili criticità, rischi, soluzioni fall back sarebbero utili se fornite. - Informazioni sui progetti già finanziati da altri enti (MIUR, Europei etc) e le collaborazioni in atto (nazionali ed internazionali) piani futuri per la sottomissione di progetti Europei, MIUR etc S. Coelli - INFN MILANO