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Quiz 6 – 2014.01.10 Quiz 7 – 2014.01.10

Quiz 6 – 2014.01.10 Quiz 7 – 2014.01.10 . Question (15 mins ).

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Quiz 6 – 2014.01.10 Quiz 7 – 2014.01.10

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  1. Quiz 6 – 2014.01.10 Quiz 7 – 2014.01.10

  2. Question (15 mins) A small capillary with an inside diameter of 2.22  10-3 m and a length 0.317 m is being used to continuously measure the flow rate of a liquid having a density of 875 kg/m3 and  = 1.13  10-3Pa∙s. The pressure drop reading across the capillary during flow is 0.0655 m water (density 996 kg/m3). What is the flow rate in m3/s if the end-effect corrections are neglected? What is the Fanning friction factor for this capillary system? TIME IS UP!!!

  3. Frictional Losses for Non-Circular Conduits Instead of deriving new correlations for f, an approximation is developed for an equivalent diameter, Deq, which may be used to calculate NRe and f. where RH = hydraulic radius S = cross-sectional area Pw = wetted perimeter: sum of the length of the boundaries of the cross-section actually in contact with the fluid

  4. Equivalent Diameter (Deq) Determine the equivalent diameter of the following conduit types: • Annular space with outside diameter Doand inside diameter Di • Rectangular duct with sides a and b • Open channels with liquid depth y and liquid width b

  5. Non-Newtonian Fluids

  6. Newtonian Fluids water air ethyl alcohol

  7. Non-Newtonian Fluids blood ketchup toothpaste

  8. Non-Newtonian Fluids grease polymer melt cake batter

  9. Non-Newtonian Fluids paint molten metal whipped cream

  10. Non-Newtonian Fluids • Foods • Emulsions (mayonnaise, ice cream) • Foams (ice cream, whipped cream) • Suspensions (mustard, chocolate) • Gels (cheese) • Biofluids • Suspension (blood) • Gel (mucin) • Solutions (spittle) • Personal Care Products • Suspensions (nail polish, face scrubs) • Solutions/Gels (shampoos, conditioners) • Foams (shaving cream) • Electronic and Optical Materials • Liquid Crystals (monitor displays) • Melts (soldering paste) • Pharmaceuticals • Gels (creams, particle precursors) • Emulsions (creams) • Aerosols (nasal sprays) • Polymers

  11. Non-Newtonian Fluids Why are these fluids non-Newtonian? Non-Newtonian behavior is frequently associated with complex internal structure: • The fluid may have large complex molecules (like a polymer), or • The fluid may be a heterogeneous solution (like a suspension)...

  12. Non-Newtonian Fluids Why are these fluids non-Newtonian? Fluid systems may be non-ideal in two ways: • The viscosity may depend on shear rate • The viscosity may depend on time Some (many) may have both

  13. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • The relation between shearing stress and rate is unique but non-linear • The viscosity of the fluid at a given temperature depends on the rate of shearing

  14. Classification Time-Independent Fluids

  15. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • Bingham plastics h depends on a critical/yield shear stress (t0) and then becomes constant Ex. sludge paint blood ketchup

  16. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • Bingham plastics

  17. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • Power law fluids

  18. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • Power law fluids Pseudoplastic fluids : h decreases as the shear rate increases (shear rate thinning) Ex. polymer melts paper pulp in water clay solutions molasses whipped cream

  19. Classification Time-Independent Fluids • Power law fluids Dilatant fluids :h decreases as the shear rate increases (shear rate thickening) Ex. Quicksand Starch suspension Wet sand

  20. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids Shear rate depends on the shearing time or on the previous shear rate history

  21. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids • Thixotropic fluids : shear stress decreases with time at constant shear rate; alternatively, the apparent viscosity decreases with time : the change is reversible; the fluid “rebuilds” itself once shearing is removed Ex. gelatin shortening cream

  22. Classification Time-Dependent Fluids • Rheopectic fluids : shear stress increases with time at constant shear rate; the apparent viscosity increases with time : the change is reversible Ex. highly concentrated starch solutions gravy beating and thickening of egg whites inks

  23. Classification Viscoelastic Fluids The shear stress is determined by the shear strain and the rate of shear strain • when applied stress is removed, the material does not instantly vanish since the internal structure of the material can sustain the stress for some time (relaxation time) • due to the internal stress, the fluid will deform on its own, even when external stresses are removed

  24. Shear Stress Behavior Non-Newtonian Fluids • For Newtonian fluids: • For Non-Newtonian fluids: where h is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for non-Newtonian fluids.

  25. Shear Stress Behavior Modeling Power Law Fluids where: K = flow consistency index n = flow behavior index

  26. Shear Stress Behavior

  27. Shear Stress Behavior Modelling Bingham Plastics (rigid)

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