Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids

1. 4 Categories of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Glucose/Fructose Starch/Cellulose Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids Molecules of LIFE Biochemicals (CHONPS) Proteins Enzymes/Structure/ Movement/Antibodies Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

2. H H N N N H H OH N O H N H O P O CH2 Nitrogenous base (A) O C N C O H H H OH Phosphate group H H R Amino group Carboxyl (acid) group OH H Sugar 1. 2. 3. 4.

3. What is an example of a monomer and polymer?

4. Answer: starch is a polymer made from the monomer glucose.

6. What is peak enzyme reaction temp? What is peak reaction pH for pepsin and trypsin?

7. 0 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed • Temperature and pH • Substrate concentration • Enzyme concentration

8. The Water Molecule Slightly Positive (+) Polarity – water is polar because of an uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen. Electrons hang out more often near around the oxygen atom. Covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. Slightly Negative (-)

9. Hydrogen Bonds • Because of their partial charges water molecules become attracted to each other by weak hydrogen bonds • Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds • Cohesion – attraction between molecules of the same substance • Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances.

10. Other Unique Properties of Water • High specific heat • Expansion on freezing • High surface tension

11. Cells and Cell Transport

12. Two categories of cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic -No Nucleus -Nucleus -Cell wall (plants and bacteria) -Complex -Less complex -Membrane bound organelles -Smaller Ribosomes less complex -Cell membrane -DNA - Ribosomes larger and complex -Cytoplasm -DNA is circular -Ribosomes -DNA is linear

13. Vesicles • Structure: membrane bounded sac • Function: transports and/or stores cellular products

14. Ribosomes • Structure: Small and grain-like, made of large and small subunits • Function: produce proteins from directions given by DNA

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure: a maze of membranes • Rough ER: (ribosomes imbedded in membrane) produces and transports proteins.

16. Golgi Apparatus • Structure: A stack of membranes • Function: to modify, sort and package materials (often proteins) from the ER for storage or to be transported outside the cell.

17. Diffusion

18. Osmosis

19. Energy You can’t go to the beach and feel energized by the sun – you need a hot dog! Why?

20. Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the Cell” Found: In the cytoplasm Structure: Rod-shaped with a folded double membrane Function: Provide the cell with energy.

21. Chloroplast Found: In plant cells Structure: Stack of membranes that contain photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll) Function: Use energy from the sun to make carbs (photosynthesis)

22. Light energy 6 6 ATPs + + 6 + C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O CO2 C6H12O6 O2 H2O 6 + 6 + 6 Glucose Water Energy Carbon dioxide Oxygen gas Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Oxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS Energy PHOTOSYNTHESIS: RESPIRATION:

23. Energy

24. Protein Synthesis - Overview The DNA of the gene is transcribed into RNA Which is translated into protein The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein is called the CENTRAL DOGMA DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein

25. Protein Synthesis (Overview) Central Dogma - FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

26. FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Genes on DNA are expressed through proteins, which provide the molecular basis for inherited traits A particular gene, is a linear sequence of many nucleotides Specifies a polypeptide (long protein made of amino acids) Protein Synthesis (Overview)

27. Protein Synthesis (Overview) Genes - discrete units of hereditary information comprised of a nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule.

28. DNA to DNA

29. T A C T T C A A A A T C A T G A A G T T T T A G DNA to RNA Strand to be transcribed DNA Transcription G U U U A G A U A A G U RNA Startcondon Stopcondon Translation Met Polypeptide Lys Phe

30. RNA to protein • The subunits of a ribosome • Hold the tRNA and mRNA close together during translation tRNA-binding sites Largesubunit Growing polypeptide tRNA mRNA-binding site mRNA Smallsubunit Codons

31. Genetics • Alleles – different forms of a gene • Ex. From pea plants: alleles T or t = tall (T) and short (t) • Homozygous – organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait • True-breeding for a particular trait • Ex: TT or tt

32. Genetics • Heterozygous – organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same trait • Hybrid for that trait • Ex: Tt • Phenotype – physical characteristics • Ex: tall, short, yellow, green • Genotype – genetic make-up • Ex: TT, Tt, tt

33. Other Patterns of Inheritance • Genes can act in various ways • Dominant vs. Recessive – one allele completely masks another allele. • Incomplete Dominance • Definition : one allele is not completely dominant over another Ex: flowers – white x red flowers = pink flowers

34. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Codominance • Definition: both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism Ex: chicken feather – black and white alleles = black and white feathers Colors don’t blend like incomplete dominance

35. Multiple Alleles • Definition: more than two alleles • (more than 2 alleles exist in a population not an individual) Ex: rabbit’s coat color Ex: human’s blood type blood-type donors and recipients

36. Polygenic Traits • Definition: traits that are controlled by 2 or more genes Ex: fruit fly red eyes - 3 genes involved in making pigment • Diff. combo of genes produce different eye colors Ex: Human skin color – more than 4 different genes

37. Gene Mutations

38. Chromosomal Mutations Types of chromosomal mutations: Deletion: The loss of all or part of a chromosome Duplication: A segment is repeated Inversion: part of the chromosome is reverse from its usual direction. Translocation: one chromosome breaks off an attaches to another chromosome.

39. Meiosis and Mitosis

40. Ecology -Levels of Organization

41. Food Chains and Food Webs SUN Autotrophs Heterotroph • Food Chain – energy trapped by producers passed on when organisms eat and are eaten • Food Web – relationship more complex than a chain

42. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

43. Evolution – Natural Selection

44. Evolution – Natural Selection