英美文学导论 ( 第四讲 )

1. 英美文学导论(第四讲) 主讲教师:林春阳

2. The Transition From 19th to 20th Century in English Literature Ⅰ. Historical Background Ⅱ. Literature Ⅲ. The main writers

3. Ⅰ. Historical Background • The long and progressive of Queen Victoria came to a climax in the Diamond Jubilee Year, the time of peace and plenty when the British Empire see- -med to be at the summit of its power. • The first disturbing factor which had large influen- -ce on contemporary English literature was imper- -ialism, the reawakening of the dominating spirit which had seemingly been put to sleep by the pr- -oclamation of an Imperial Federation. • Another factor which influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind; not slow and orderly reform, which is progress, but immediately and intemperate re- -form, which breeds a spirit of the rebellion and despair.

4. Ⅱ. Literature • One unexpected literary feature of the age was the enthusiasm for stage plays that rolled like tide over the whole English-speaking world. • One the surface, at least, the contrast between Vi- -ctorian and post-Victorian literature is rather star- -tling. • The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic and antic-realistic trends in arts and literature. • The growth of anti-realistic art and literature refle- -cted the crisis of bourgeois culture at the period of imperialism.

5. The English realists of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th centuries continued and developed the traditions of their predecessors, e.g. Dickens. • The later realists excelled in revealing the charac- -ter from a psychological point of view.

6. Ⅲ. The main writers 1. Novelists • Thomas Hardy (1840—1928) • Joseph Conrad (1857—1924) • James Joyce (1882—1941) • Virginia Woolf (1882—1941) • D.H. Lawrence (1885—1930) 2. Dramatist • Oscar Wilde (1854—1900) • George Bernard Shaw (1856—1950) 3. Poets • T.S. Eliot (1888—1965) • William Butler Yeats (1865—1939)

7. Thomas Hardy (1840—1928) • He was a famous novelist and poet. • In 1878 he published “The Return of the Native”, which established his position as the important writer and turned to tragic theme from that. • From 1896 He turned to poetry writing. He wrote nearly 1000 lyric poems. Besides he also wrote a great epic drama “The Dynasts”, which was publi- -shed in three parts.

8. Main Works: 1.“Under the Greenwood Tree”(绿萌树下) 2.“A Pair of Blue Eyes”(一双湛蓝的眼睛) 3.“Far From the Madding Crownd”(远离尘嚣) 4.“The Return of the Native”(还乡) 5.tragedy (1)“Mayor of the Casterbridge”(卡斯特桥市长) (2)the last two novels---most famous and profound ① “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”(德伯家的苔丝) ② “Jude the Obscure”(无名裘德) 6.“The Dynasts”(列王)---the epic drama about Nap- -oleon

9. Oscar Wilde (1854—1900) • He is the spokesman of the 19th century Aesthetic Move- -ment in English. • He created comedy from 1990 and pushed the drama re--juvenation to a high tide. • Main Works: 1. novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”(道林格雷的画像) 2. poetic drama “Salome”(莎乐美) 3. drama (1) “Lady Windermere’s Fan”(温德米尔夫人的扇子) (2) “A Woman of No Importance”(一个无足轻重的女人) (3) “An Ideal Husband”(理想的丈夫) (4) “The Importance of Being Earnest”(认真的重要性)—one of the most successful dramas and comedies. 4. “The Ballad of Reading Gaol”(里丁狱之歌)

10. George Bernard Shaw (1856—1950) • He created 18 dramas. • He regarded the drama as a way gaining his ends. It is not only for entertainment but also castigating society. • His drama marked the compliment of English drama reju- -venation and it is one of the landmarks of the 20th cen- -tury English drama history. • He won the Nobel Literature Prize. • Main Works: 1. “Arms and the Man”(武器与人) 2. “Mrs Warren’s Profession”(华伦夫人的职业) 3. “Man and Superman”(人与超人) 4. “John Bull’s Other Island”(英国佬的另一个岛) 5. “Major Barbara”(巴巴拉少校) 6. “Pygmalion”(皮格马利翁) 7. “Saint Joan”(圣女贞德) 8. “The Apple Cart”(苹果车)

11. Joseph Conrad (1857—1924) • He is a novelist. • He created 13 novels and 28 short stories. • He published the first novel in 1895. • Main Works: 1. “Almayer’s Folly”(阿尔迈耶的愚蠢) 2. “The Negro on the Narcissus”(水仙号上的黑家伙) 3. “Heart on Darkness”(黑暗之心) 4. “Lord Jim”(吉姆老爷) 5. “Nordstromo”(诺斯特罗姆) 6. “Under Western Eyes”(在西方目光之下)

12. T.S. Eliot (1888—1965) • Eliot’s poems represented the accomplishments of the England Modern poem. • He is the representative writer of British Modern poem. • He won the Nobel Literature Prize. • He was good at creating poetic drama, poem and commentary. • His works including: 1. poem collection 2. literature commentary 3. poetic drama 4. a series of long poem

13. His main works • poem collection (1) “Prufrock and Other Observations”(普鲁弗洛克及他)— first published book (2) “The Waste Land”(荒原)---nonesuch of the modernism poem and make him become the pioneer of the modernism movement (3) “The Hollow Men”(空心人) (4) “Ashy Wednesday”(圣灰星期三) • literature commentary (1) “The Scared Wood : Essay on Poetry and Criticism”(圣 林) (2) “Tradition and the Individual Talent”(传统与个人才能) (3) “The Metaphysical Poets”(玄学派诗人) • poetic drama (1) “Murder in the Cathedral”(大教堂谋杀案) (2) “The Family Reunion”(家庭团聚) • a series of long poem –Four Quartets”(四个四重奏)

14. William Butler Yeats (1865—1939) • Eliot regarded Yeats as the greatest poet of our age. • In his early stages he was influenced by the Romanism and interjected the personal discovery and thinking of the Irish country life and national myth. • In his later stage he established his own mysticism sym- -bolic system. • Main Works: 1. “The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems”(漫游的奥辛和其他的诗) 2. “The Wind Among the Reeds”(苇风) 3. “Responsibility”(责任)---indicated the end of the early stage 4. “The Wind Swans at Cooie”(库尔的天鹅) 5. “Michael Robartes and the Dancer”(迈克尔罗巴兹与舞者) 6. “The Tower”(塔) 7. “A Vision”(幻想)---embody Yeat’s complicated and obsc- -ure mysticism system. 8. “The Winding stair and Other Poems”(旋梯及其他)

15. James Joyce (1882—1941) • He is regarded as the greatest writer since Shakespeare in English. • His compliment of the novels represented the high tide of the modern literature. • He is an Irish writer. • His exploring on the form and content of the novel repre- -sented the great breakthroughs in the British novel histo--ry. • Bloom who he created in the novel is the anti-hero model of the 20th century. • His streams of consciousness broke the pattern of novel according to the time. • He handled the English language with creativity so it enri- -ched English expressing function. • Main Works:

16. Main Works: 1. “Dubliners”(都柏林人)—short story collection 2. “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”(一个青 年艺术家的画像)—the autobiography novel 3. “Ulysses”(尤利西斯) 4. “Finnegans Wake”(芬尼根的苏醒)—the streams of consciousness into a high tide

17. Virginia Woolf (1882—1941) • She created 9 novels and some short stories. • Her creation of novel is a circle. • Her novels about streams of consciousness are the most outstanding compliment on literature. • Main Works: 1. in the beginning period --- traditional realism (1) “The Voyage Out”(出航) (2) “Night and Day”(夜与日) 2. in the medium period --- streams of consciousness (1) “Jacob’s Room”(雅各布的房间) (2) “Mrs. Dalloway”(达罗卫夫人)---most successful novel (3) “To the Lighthouse”(到灯塔去) (4) “Orlando”(奥兰多) (5) “The Waves”(海浪) 3. in the last part--- traditional realism (1) “The Years”(岁月) (2) “Between the Acts”(幕间)

18. D.H. Lawrence (1885—1930) 1. “The White Peacock”(白孔雀)—the first novel 2. “Sons and Lovers”(儿子与情人)—the autobiogra- -phy novel 3. two most successful novels (1) “The Rainbow”(虹) (2) “Women in Love”(恋爱中的女人) 4. “Kangaroo”(袋鼠) 5. “The Plumed Serpent”(羽蛇) 6. “Lady Chatterley’s Lover”(查泰莱夫人的情人)— most disputed novel