第五組組員 496100733 王紫沛 497100467 林 鶴 497100508 蘇 珩 497100091 程莉淳

1. 第五組組員 496100733 王紫沛 497100467 林 鶴 497100508 蘇 珩 497100091 程莉淳

2. Between the Visionaries and the Luddites : Collection Development and Electronic Resources in the HumanitiesEdward Shreeves

3. ‧Abstract ‧ Introduction ‧ The Issues ‧ The Scholarly Record ‧ Electronic Texts or Electronic Publishing ‧ Migne Versus Cetedoc ‧ Standards, Software, and Criteria ‧ Visionaries and Luddites ‧ Conclusion

4. Abstract王紫沛 The incorporation of electronic resources in the humanities into the traditional practice of collection development presents challenges that have pragmatic, technical, fiscal, and cultural dimensions. 不論是在務實、技術、財政或文化等方面，館藏合併電子資源對人文學科的傳統館藏提出了挑戰。 Among the most significant challenges will be understanding and responding effectively to the way computer-aided research in the humanities changes scholarship and scholarly communication. 其中最具挑戰性的將是在人文學和學術交流上有所領會及有效應對，並以電腦方式輔助研究。 The substantial differences among humanist scholars in their readiness to participate in the evolving new world will require considerable attention from collection development librarians. 人文學者在他們願意參加不斷改變的新世界之間有著重大的分歧，將會需要從圖書館館藏發展中得到大量的注意力。

5. Introduction The emergence of machine-readable texts, of computer-based networks, and of all the attendant technological apparatus, has provided the means to alter radically scholarly communication and scholarly method in the humanities. 在人文學科方面，出現了電腦可讀的文本、以電腦為基礎的網路，和所有隨之而來的科技儀器，提供了能完全改變學術交流的方法。 Many librarians are eager to move toward this new future but are unsure how to proceed. Both their eagerness and uncertainty have valid roots. 許多圖書館都渴望走向新的未來，但卻不知道該如何進行。他們都渴望擁有有效和易變的本質。 A computer-based system of scholarly communication offers the hope of an escape from the insoluble morass of economic, space, and access problems of the last few years. 在過去幾年，以電腦為基礎的系統學術交流提供了渴望擺脫無法解決的經濟、空間以及存取的困境。

6. The glimpses of the future, which now and then emerge from the mists, demand that libraries reconceive the ways they fulfill their missions or even redefine the mission itself. 眺望未來、觀察現在、走出迷霧，圖書館需要更注重讀者的需求，他們將再次以自己的方式履行其任務，甚至重新界定自己的使命。

7. The Issues In essence, this argument held that, while electronic resources were unquestionably useful, libraries should demand additional support to pay for them and not redirect dollars from already undersupported print resource funds. 本質上而言，對於這一論點持有見解。雖然電子資源無疑是有益的，但圖書館應該更支持幫助他們，而不是直接以資金的問題去打壓、反對此資源的發展。 A counter argument claims that such reallocation of existing resources gives funding sources a pretext for ignoring these new needs. 反對者爭論且宣稱，以重新分配現有的資源為藉口，將會使資金來源減少並且忽略這些新的需求。 It also puts the library at risk of abdicating its role as the organizer and provider of information for its clientele. 它也迫使圖書館冒著放棄其組織的作用和供應商所提供的資料的風險給顧客使用。

8. ‧The Scholarly Record 林鶴 ‧ In one way it makes sense to approach electronic texts in the humanities like their print counterparts. Books and journals are acquired to support teaching and research. To the extent that electronic texts justify the expenditure of resources, analogous selection criteria are valid. 另一個方法是有道理的電子文本的方式，在人文等對應的印刷。書籍和期刊被收購，以支持教學和研究。在某種限度上，電子文本證明此項支出資源，類似的選擇標準是有效的。 ‧A major function of the collection development librarian is to serve as a gatekeeper, identifying that portion of the published universe which a given library chooses to acquire. 圖書館一個主要功能是社智圖書館館藏館資源，確定的該部分公佈領域,的某個庫選擇收購。

9. Preservation is another concern. Various dangers to the physical integrity of collections pose risks to the intellectual integrity of the record and are a major reason preservation has received so much attention from collection management librarians 保藏,防腐是另一個關注的問題。各種危險的物理完善的收集構成風險的完整的記錄，是一個重要原因，從圖書館收集管理中保存已收到許多的關注。 Cooperation with other libraries collecting similar materials, with the avowed intent of avoiding unnecessary duplication and maximizing budgets, has received increasing attention, but the focus has always been the local collection. 與其他圖書館收集類似的資料，並制定目標，避免不必要的重複，最大限度地預算，得到越來越多的關注，但重點一直是當地的收集。

10. Libraries must continue to play a role in the definition and maintenance of the scholarly record. 圖書館必須繼續扮演的規定和維修學術記錄的角色 The proliferation of discussion groups or lists on Internet and its affiliates raises some interesting questions for the collection development librarian. 討論的擴散團體或在互聯網上名單及其附屬機構提出了一些有趣的問題，為圖書館的館藏發展。

11. ‧Electronic Texts or Electronic Publishing Much of the interest in electronic texts among humanists so far has focused on those texts which make up the various canons of different fields.大部分的影響，電子文本中的人文主義到目前為止，集中在這些文本它們構成了各種不同領域的準則。 It could fundamentally alter the basic assumptions under which bibliographers and selectors have worked since libraries began to build collections. To date, however, this system is still inchoate, and most electronic information in the humanities has been of a much more specific kind. 從根本上改變基本假設下，目錄學家和選書者自從圖書館館藏建設就已經開始工作。然而，到目前為止，這一制度仍處於初級階段，大多數人文電子信息一直是一個更為具體的實物。

12. As befits a collection of fields in which the text provides the essential object of study, most computer-based resources have been either bibliographic or what might be called canonical.作為一種非常適合收集該領域的案文提供了必要的研究對象，大多數以電腦為基礎的資源已經改成使用書目或可稱之為準則。 A crucial question, which has validity in both the electronic and print realms, has to do with the quality and authenticity of the text being judged. 一個關鍵問題是，電子文件的合法性電子和印刷範圍，需要做的本質和真實性的案文來判斷。

13. Migne Versus Cetedoc蘇珩 The publication in electronic form of Migne’sPatrologia Latina and of Cetedoc’s texts in the Corpus Christianorum series provides a case study of issues that arise in selecting electronic texts in the humanities. Corpus Christianorum叢書把出版電子型式的Migne’sPatrologia Latina 跟Cetedoc’s texts 提供了一個爭論人文學裡選擇電子資源的研究案例。 The text of Migne’sPatrologia Latina is being issued by Chadwyck-Healey, which is beginning to take an aggressive role in developing and marketing electronic resources of interest to humanists. Chadwyck-Healey的Migne’sPatrologia Latina的全文、本文，在人文學者對電子資源的發展扮演了一個重要的角色。 Migne’sPatrologia Latina Migne collected and printed what were purportedly the best available editions of the writings of the Latin fathers from the third through the thirteenth century. Migne收集並印了號稱現有最佳版本的13世紀末葉拉丁美洲的教父學著作。

14. While many works contained in Migne’s corpus have seen modern editions in the twentieth century, for a large number of authors and text, the Migne edition is the only widely available source. 在20世紀的許多現代作品有以Migne為素材，Migne版是唯一被廣泛使用的。 At the same time, Brepols, a major Belgian publisher of patristics, has announced the publication of a CD-ROM entitled the Cetedoc Library of Christian Latin Texts. 同時，出版教父著作的主要出版業者Brepols，宣佈一個CD-ROM題名為Cetedoc圖書館的拉丁美洲基督教文本。 The printed series, intended eventually to replace and supplement Migne, presents up-to-date texts carefully edited to the highest standards. 這印本的叢書，打算取代和補充Migne，成為新的版本標準。 The debate engendered by the announcement of these two publishing projects focused on a variety of issues including cost, the quality of the texts, searching capabilities, and tagging. 宣布這兩個出版計畫，產生許多爭論，包括成本、文本的品質、搜尋能力等。

15. the Chadwyck-Healey product sells for around $45,000. The CD-ROM from the TLG containing all Greek literature is currently priced at $750 for institutions. Chadwyck-Healey 的產品售價大約為45000美元。內容包含所有希臘文學以CD-ROM型式出版，當前售價為750美元。 Timothy Reuter :suggests that electronic texts will only become more affordable as the industry develops. 電子文本只會變得越來越能讓大家負擔的起就像工業的發展。 Bob Kraft :urges Chadwyck-Healey to take the product “back to the drawing board” and considered “calling for a boycott of the product by the libraries that are being threatened by this offer.” 強烈建議Chadwyck-Healey要降價，受威脅的圖書館要抵制他們的產品。

16. Many attacked the quality and accuracy of Migne’s texts. Cetedoc editions were typically the most recent, and usually the best. Defending the Migne product, its publication and still provided the only edition of many texts. 許多人抨擊Migne的文本，認為Cetedoc編的最好。 電子型式還是以Migne為標準，Migne仍然被許多文章引用。 Michael Sperberg-McQueen:urged that “Chadwyck-Healey will do more for patristics, by reproducing Migne than by waiting another fifty years for better editions. 強烈建議Chadwyck-Healey為教父著作做更多的事。 Gaylord:worries that his librarian will buy the Chadwych-Healey product because it is known as a standard work in medieval studies, and will not realize that scholars are doing. 他憂慮圖書館將收購Chadwych-Healey的產品，因為它是中世紀的研究的標準，沒有真的知道學者們在做什麼。

17. This lack of confidence in librarians’ understanding of the importance of textual authenticity is perhaps as worrisome as the assumption that libraries will be the provider of such information. 缺乏館員對其研究知識內容的信賴度，也許是令人擔憂的假設，因圖書館將提供這類的資料。 The Chadwyck-Healey products are among the first to be published using Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) compatible with the standards being promulgated by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Chadwyck-Healey的產品是第一個將出版使用標準通用標記語言(SGML)符合標準頒布的文字編碼倡議(TEI)。 Reuter:whatever the quality of Migne’s texts, what was more important was the accuracy with Chadwyck-Healey had brought those texts into electronic form. 無論Migne文本的品質，更重要的是Chadwyck-Healey準確地將這些文書轉變成電子形式。

18. Standards, Software, and Criteria It is unusual to have a choice between two similar electronic resources like the Chadwyck-Healey and Cetedoc products. 在兩個相似的電子資源之中如Chadwyck－Healey 和Cetedoc products做選擇是非常少見的。 The Cetedoc - Migne debate is instructive because it mirrors, in part, questions that arise in any selection decision between two products that provide similar information, but also because it reflects concerns which could only arise in the online environment. Cetedoc-Migne的辯論是有建設性的，部分在提供相似資料的二種產品之間出現每一個選擇決定方面的疑問，也因為它只可以出現在線上的環境而反映出擔心。

19. Since others have discussed many of these issues and concerns, the following remarks will focus on some specific topics which seem to have serious implications for libraries attempting to collect electronic resources in the humanities. 其他人已經討論大部份這些議題和關心，隨之評論將會關注在一些像圖書館嘗試在人文學科中收集電子資源這種看起來涵義重大的主題。 In the humanities, particularly in those fields that focused on literature, history, religion, and similar areas where specific texts have great importance, bibliographers and selectors must know how to distinguish important texts from unimportant, authentic from unauthentic, scholarly from popular. 在人文學科中，特別地在把重心集中在文學、歷史、宗教還有相關領域，這些領域的特性非常重要，書目學家、選擇者一定要知道如何從不重要的，去區分出重要的，從不真實中區分出真實的，從流行中區分學術水平高的文章。

20. Literary texts, are copies or versions of printed counterparts. Often the library already owns the published text which formed the basis of the electronic edition. The primary motive for acquiring the electronic version, as with the Migne and Cetedoc collections discussed earlier, is to provide users with the improved capacity offered by indexing and access software to access and analyze the text. 人文學的本文是印刷對方的副本或同一作品不同的版本。通常圖書館已經擁有了電子版本出版的基礎形式。主要的動機是為了獲得電子版本， 早些時候討論關於 Migne和 Cetedoc收集，從索引和通路軟體去取得並且分析本文的改良的能力提供給使用者。 Finding out about electronic texts requires attention to a number of specialized sources of information like the Humanities Computing Yearbook, Computers and the Humanities, and Literary Linguistic Computing. The selector should also be familiar with the work of a number of projects and centers with a special interest in humanities computing, many of which publish newsletters or sponsor electronic forums. 電子文本一些資源的特殊來源:像人文科學的電腦年鑑、電腦、人文科學和文學的語言學計算。選擇者也應該熟悉一些在人類電腦中帶有特別的計畫和中心的工作, 有很多的出版通訊，或者電子論壇的贊助者。

21. Within libraries it is collection development librarians, with their subject and language expertise, who are in the best position to keep current with this chaotic situation and make informed judgments about resources. 在圖書館裡面，人文學者是收集發展圖書館員，藉由他們的主題和語言專長，在最好的位置中與這種混亂的情形保持現狀而且製造關於資源的明智的判斷力。 Many of the sources which now actively distribute their texts or corpora began as projects with limited aims and little or no thought of distribution. In part, it is the microcomputer revolution and the growth of cheap mass storage capacity, in part the growing audience of uses that have made distribution feasible. What it means to publish an electronic text in view of the ease of duplication and dissemination and the informality typical of the process, is not at all clear. 現在很多的資源正積極的區分他們的本文或文集，開始像是將目標的範圍做限制和減少或沒有想法的區分計畫。一部份是微電腦革命和便宜的大眾儲藏能力的成長，部份是使用的聽眾增加已經讓分配能實行。意思是指出版電子文本考慮減輕副本和傳播和非正式典型的過程,是不明確的。

22. One cause of the seemingly chaotic situation with regard to electronic texts stems from the difficulty of finding out what is available and how to get it. 造成此一混亂的狀況是來自於分辨出什麼是可利用的電子本文和如何去得到的電子文本是困難的。 it is essential to find a single solution to accommodate the multiplicity of character sets and scripts used around the world. 解決字體和世界各地文字的多樣性是必要的。 Unicode proposes a single encoding scheme for all currently spoken languages, including those in non-Roman scripts. Unicode proposes a 16-bit coding scheme, with a capacity of 65,536 codes. Its developers hope that its adoption will make it simpler to write multilingual software and exchange information worldwide. 統一碼提出了一個入碼方案,為了所有現在正被說出口的語言，包括那些非羅馬的手寫體中。統一碼提議一個16位元方案編碼，藉由 65,536編碼的能力。 它的開發者希望，它的採用將讓在全世界寫多元語言的軟體和交換資料變得比較簡單。

23. The failure to date to represent East Asian vernacular scripts in existing catalogs reflects how far from the ideal are these tools. Unicode may not turn out to be the successful solution to the multiscript problem, but it does represent an encouraging move toward standardization and interchangeability. 失敗到目前為止，在現有的目錄，代表東亞地方的手寫體中，反映出這些工具的理想是多遠。統一碼可能不會變成成功解決多手寫體問題的辦法，但它確實促進了對於標準化和可互換性的成長。 TEI aims to produce what some have called a metalanguage – i.e., a coding scheme which will enable texts to be created in a standardized form transportable from one hardware and software platform to another without loss of information about structure and textual features. TEI 打算生產一些已經被稱為語言分析用的語言。一個方案編碼，將能夠從使本文能夠以一種被標準化的形式被創造 從硬體和軟體傳播到其他沒有失去結構和本文特色資訊。

24. TEL has produced draft Guidelines with the intent to support data interchange and application-independent local processing and to offer guidance in text creation or capture. If the TEI succeeds in meeting its goals, it could from the basis for a more coherent and orderly growth in the development and use of electronic texts. TEL 已經有意產生草稿指導方針去支持資料交換和申請--獨立的地方處理和去提供本文的創新或獲得引導。如果 TEI 成功的達到它的目標，它可以利用電子文本更密合且更有規律地成長。 One obvious feature which differentiates an electronic text from a printed one is the necessity for equipment and software. Until recently, most selectors were not accustomed to factoring equipment considerations into their decision-making process. 電子文本不同於印刷的一個明顯的特徵是設備和軟體的需要。直到最近，大多數的選擇者因不習慣設備考量進入他們的決策程序。

25. Some text files are only accessible through tailor-made software, while others may be used with a variety of packages. But whatever the interface, the utility of a given text file might depend more on the availability of Micro-OC, FolioViews, or Wordcruncher software than on the quality of the text itself. 是由於一些文字檔只能透過相符的軟體進入，其他可能被多變化軟體使用。但是不管是什麼界面，文字檔能有效使用於Micro-OCP，FolioViews或 Wordcruncher比在本文本身的品質好用的多。 The quality and accuracy of this software must receive greater attention from scholars and librarians. This dependence on unfamiliar equipment and access software imposes new requirements on both the selector and those who catalog and provide service for such resources. 這軟體的品質和準確性一定要受到學者和圖書館員的注意。信任不熟悉的設備和通路軟體，把新的規定強加於所有選擇者和那些為了資源編目和提供服務的人

26. Visionaries and Luddites程莉淳 The visionaries, “believe that the emerging technologies signal a radical change in every aspect of scholarly communication”. 有遠見者認為新興技術從根本上改變了每一個方面的學術交流。 the Luddites are “unalterably wedded to print” Luddites 是堅守拘泥於紙本技術的人 Most scholars are neither visionaries nor Luddites and it is this large and largely indifferent group that must be convinced of the efficacy of technological solutions to the problems of scholarly communication. 在學術交流方面，大多數學者只在有效技術解決問題上採取確信的態度。

27. One reason for the indifference of this silent majority is the absence of clear evidence of the benefits of a new technology based order. 造成學者冷淡的原因之一是缺乏明確的證據證明新的技術的好處。 Olsen argues that the computer has not had significant influence on literary studies because old models remain dominant. 奧爾森認為，因為舊模式仍然佔主導地位，所以電腦還沒有重大影響的文學研究。 Thomas N. Corns (1991) comes to a similar conclusion when he notes that “there is no substantial body of achievement in the field of computer-based literary criticism in English studies. Thomas N. Corns指出，在英文研究中沒有以電腦為基礎的內容充實的文藝評論。

28. Conclusion王紫沛 The preceding paragraphs have sketched some of the issues which must concern the collection development librarian in determining the role of computer files in building collections as well as in making particular purchase decisions. 上一章節所概述的部分議題是一定會關係到圖書館館藏發展中，影響電腦檔案館藏建設的作用以及採購的決定。 Many of the challenges facing librarians, and especially collection development librarians, will be technological and economic. 許多圖書館，特別是圖書館館藏發展，將會面臨技術和經濟的挑戰。

29. But the greatest challenges will be social and cultural as selectors face the need to transform their own basic assumptions and to take a role in changing the ingrained views of faculty. 但是當抉擇者面對需要改變自己的基本承擔並去進行改變根深蒂固的能力時，最大的挑戰將會是社會與人文方面。 It will be essential to make alliances with those visionaries already converted by the promise of computer-based models and work with them to demonstrate the validity of these models to an unconverted and uncaring majority. 這是非常重要的。這會使這些具有遠見的聯盟已轉化為藉由有前途的基本電腦雛型，並與他們合作證明這些多數人毫不關心及無法轉變的雛型的可能性。