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Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School Kyla Semones – Cousino High School

Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School Kyla Semones – Cousino High School. Purpose. To determine whether or not a metal rod is composed of Molybdenum based percent error and the intensive properties of specific heat and linear thermal expansion. Terms To Know. Specific Heat

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Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School Kyla Semones – Cousino High School

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  1. Sydni Jordan- Warren Mott High School Kyla Semones – Cousino High School

  2. Purpose • To determine whether or not a metal rod is composed of Molybdenum based percent error and the intensive properties of specific heat and linear thermal expansion.

  3. Terms To Know • Specific Heat • The amount of heat that it takes to increase the temperature of a metal by one degree Celsius. • Units: J / g * ºC

  4. Terms to Know • Linear Thermal Expansion • A metal's change in length when it experiences a change in temperature • Units: ºC-1

  5. Terms to Know • Kinetic Molecular Theory • States that atoms are constantly in motion and when heat is applied to a system, the speed of the atoms’ motion increases.

  6. Terms to Know • First Law of Thermodynamics • Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

  7. Terms to Know • Isolated System • A container that does not allow the matter or heat inside to escape • Ex: Calorimeters

  8. Terms to Know • Intensive Property • A property that is unique to a specific element and does not depend on the sample size

  9. Molybdenum Background • Discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele in 1778.

  10. Molybdenum Background Characteristics • Mo • Density: 10.22 g/cm3 • Atomic Number: 42 • Atomic Mass: 95.94 amu • Hard and silvery

  11. Molybdenum Background • Electron Configuration • [Kr] 4d5 5s1

  12. Molybdenum Background • Most common use commonly used in Steel alloys • stronger steel • higher heat tolerance • higher resistance to corrosion

  13. Molybdenum Background • Isolation • 2MoS2 + 7O2 2MoO3 + 4SO2 • MoS2 + 6MoO3 7MoO2 + 2SO2 • 2MoO2 + O2 2MoO3

  14. Molybdenum Background • Specific Heat • 0.25 J/g x ºC • Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient • 4.8 x 10-6

  15. Problem • The researchers will use linear thermal expansion and specific heat equations along with percent error to correctly determine whether or not the unknown metal rod is made of Molybdenum.

  16. Hypothesis • When the linear thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, and the average percent error for the trials are calculated, the researchers will conclude that the unknown metal rod will not be composed of Molybdenum.

  17. Tests Used • Specific Heat Test • Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Test

  18. Test I. Specific Heat

  19. Specific Heat Equation used:

  20. Calorimeter Building • To conduct the specific heat tests, three calorimeters were built.

  21. Specific Heat Materials

  22. Specific Heat Test • Mass of the rod was taken • Rod was placed in boiling water for 3 minutes • Rod was placed into a calorimeter with water • The equilibrium temperature was found • Specific Heat was calculated

  23. Molybdenum Specific Heat Results • Molybdenum Averages • Specific Heat Rods: 0.236 • Percent Error: 16.320 • Observations • Rod never boiled over three minutes and five seconds • Window opened during and after trial 8

  24. Unknown Specific Heat Results • Unknown Metal Averages • Specific Heat: 0.277 • Percent Error: 84.098 • Observations • Rods never boiled over thirty seconds • The window was opened during the testing for all of the trials

  25. Specific Heat Results Molybdenum Unknown

  26. Two-Sample t-Test • Assumptions • SRSs • independent samples • 15 of more trials • unknown standard deviation of population

  27. Two-Sample t-Test

  28. Two-Sample T Test Results • T-value = -1.315 • P-value = 0.204 • Failed to reject null hypothesis • 0.204 > alpha value 0.1

  29. Test II. Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

  30. Linear Thermal Expansion

  31. Linear Thermal Expansion Materials

  32. Linear Thermal Expansion Video

  33. Molybdenum Linear Thermal Expansion Results • Averages of Molybdenum • Alpha coefficient: 2.806 x 10-6 • Percent Error: 41.543 • Observations • Window opened for trials 5 through 12 • Never boiled for over three minutes and ten seconds

  34. Unknown Linear Thermal Expansion Results • Averages of Unknown Metal • Alpha coefficient: 5.197 x 10-6 • Percent Error: 8.988 • Observations • Never boiled for more than three minutes and ten seconds • Window closed through entire test

  35. Linear Thermal Expansion Results Molybdenum Unknown

  36. Two-Sample t-Test • Assumptions • SRSs • independent samples • 15 of more trials • unknown standard deviation of population

  37. Two-Sample t-Test

  38. Two-Sample t-Test Results • T-Value = -9.837 • P-value = 7.633 x 10-10 • Rejected null hypothesis • 7.633 x 10-8 < alpha level 0.1

  39. What have we concluded? • Results of the t- tests may be deemed inconclusive • One assumption was not met • The mean that was calculated from the Molybdenum rods was not close to the actual alpha coefficient for Molybdenum, 4.8 x 10-6.

  40. Accept or Reject? • Hypothesis • Accepted Rejected

  41. Why reject? • Percent Error • Linear Thermal Expansion • P-value: 7.633 x 10-10

  42. Flaws • Metal transfer • Metal temperature assumptions

  43. Limitations • Opening/Closing of windows • Calorimeters

  44. Real World Applications • Mining • Plumbing • Architecture

  45. Further Research • Melting Point Test • Boiling Point Test • Density Test

  46. Acknowledgements • Jeff Wainz • Mrs. Hilliard • Mr. Supal • Mrs. Dewey

  47. Works Cited • “223 Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion.”223 Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion. Clemson University, 27 Jan. 2006. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://www.clemson.edu/ces/phoenix/labs/223/expansion/index.html>. • Battrum, Denis. "Stainless Steel and Molybdenum." Thompson Creek Metals Company, Inc. Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc., 03 Jan. 2008. Web. 17 May 2013. <http://www.thompsoncreekmetals.com/i/pdf/Molybdenum_Stainless_Stee l.pdf>. • Bauck, Lori .”CHEMISTRY LAB: SPECIFIC HEAT OF A METAL.”Kwanga. Lori Bauck. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.kwanga.net/chemnotes/specific- heat-lab.pdf>. • “Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion.”Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion. The Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients- d_95.html>. • "Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Data." Coefficient of Thermal Expansion. The Industrial Repair Resource Center, n.d. Web. 01 May 2013. <http://www.repairengineering.com/coefficient-of-thermal- expansion.html>. • Commerce Resources Corp. "The Uses of Molybdenum." The Uses of Molybdenum. Commerce Resources Corp., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.useofmolybdenum.net/>. • Dartmouth College, . “Chem Lab.” Dartmouth. Trustees of Dartmouth College. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/calorimeter.html>. • Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, . “Chemistry Basics : Intenstive Versus Extensive Propertes.” Chemistry Texas A&M University. N.p.. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/intext.htm>.

  48. Works Cited • Dartmouth College, . “Chem Lab.”Dartmouth. Trustees of Dartmouth College. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/calorimeter.html>. • Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, . “Chemistry Basics : Intenstive Versus Extensive Propertes.”Chemistry Texas A&M University. N.p.. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/intext.htm>. • Gagnon, Steve. "The Element Molybdenum." It's Elemental -The Periodic Table of Elements. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html>. • Grobner, P. J., D. L. Sponseller, and D. E. Diesburg. "Effect of Molybdenum Content on the Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of AlSl 4130 Steel with 0. 035% Cb." Corrosion 35.4 (1979): 175-85. Print. • “HEAT.” SchoolOrders. MiniScience, Inc.. Web. 26 Mar 2013. <http://www.schoolorders.com/heat2.html>. • Hogan, C. Michael. "Molybdenum." (2008): n. pag. The Encyclopedia of Earth. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Molybdenum>. • Hurth, . “LD Physics Leaflets.” Leybold. LD DIDACTIC GmbH. Web. 8 Apr 2013. • <http://www.Id-didactic.de/literatur/hb/e/p2/p2112_e.pdf>. • Kroeger, F. R. “Absolute Linear thermal-Expansion Measurements on Copper and Aluminum from 5 to 320 K.” Journal or Applied Physics 48.3 (1997): 853-64. IEEE Xplore Digital Library. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5103487&url=http%3A% 2F%2ieeexplore.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3d5103487>. • Missouri State University, Department of Chemistry. “Specific Heat.” Southeast Missouri State University. Linux Penguin. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://ch185.semo.edu/specheat/enter.html>.

  49. Works Cited • "Molybdenum Chemistry & Uses." Molybdenum Chemistry & Uses. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.imoa.info/moly_uses/moly_chemistry_uses/molybdenum_chemistry_ uses.php>. • "Molybdenum Properties." Molybdenum Properties. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. <http://www.imoa.info/molybdenum/molybdenum_properties.php>. • Nave , Carl R.. “Specific Heat.” Georgia State University. National Science Teachers Association. , n.d. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html>. • Physics Department, Florida State. “Experiment VIII: Specific Heat and Calorimetry.” Florida State University. Web. 25 Mar 2013. <http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/fall04/phy2053c/labs/heat.pdf>. • Physics Department, . “Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity.” University of Guelf. University or Guelf. Web. 8 Apr 2013. <http://physics.uoguelph.ca/~cschultz/phys3510/outlines/thermal.pdf>. • "Processing." Molybdenum. International Molybdenum Association, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. <http://www.imoa.info/molybdenum/mining_processing/molybdenum_processing. php> • R. Nave. “Thermal Expansion.” Thermal Expansion. Georgia State University, 15 Oct. 2001. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thesp.html>. • “Temperature and Thermal Expansion.” Temperature and Thermal Expansion. Boston University, 29 Nov. 1999. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. <http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Temperature.html>.

  50. Questions?

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