The Civil War

1. The Civil War Do Now: • Take out class materials (notebook and packet). • Answer this in your notebook: • What are the causes of the Civil War? Identify and explain each cause. Agenda: • Causes • Abe Lincoln’s Words • The Civil War HW: • Continue Killer Angels part II – due Monday! • OH  ½ Day…

2. The Civil War 1861-1865

3. Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars

4. President Abraham Lincoln • 1st Inaugural Address • LINCOLN had no intention of interfering with slavery or the South. • He warned that no state had the right to break up the Union. • “In your hands is the issue of civil war.” • “You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressor”

5. Fort Sumter • 7 states seceded before Fort Sumter • South fired on federal troops providing provisions to Fort Sumter • Lincoln responded by putting down the insurrection with troops • 4 more states/upper south seceded • LINCOLN USED his “COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF” POWER liberally: • He called for 75,000 troops to put down the attack at Sumter • He authorized spending for the war (Congressional power). • He suspended habeas corpus • [an accused person must be informed of their accusation—can’t be imprisoned indefinitely w/out trial.]

6. North vs. South in 1861

7. Rating the North & the South

8. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

9. Railroad Lines, 1860

10. Resources: North & the South

11. The Union & Confederacy in 1861

12. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

13. Ohio Military Service

14. Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

15. Immigrants as a % of a State’s Populationin 1860

16. Southern Inflation

17. Northern Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • Extensive railroad network • Strong industrial base • Superior navy • Larger population • Abundant supply of food • Dominance in foreign trade • Disadvantages • Shortage of experienced and skilled military commanders • Divided population that did not fully support the war

18. Southern Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • A defensive war fought on home territory • A long coastline that would be difficult to blockade • An important cash crop in cotton • A group of experienced and skilled military commanders • A close economic relationship with Britain North was afraid that Britain would ally with South • U.S. almost bought Br. Into war when captured Confederate diplomats from Br. Steamer “Trent” • Disadvantages • Smaller population than the North • Smaller industrial base than the North

19. Border States • Importance • Strategic location • Important industrial and agricultural resources • Key Border States = • Kentucky • Maryland • Abraham Lincoln didn’t want to isolate

20. Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America Constitution • Modeled after US Const. • Congress cannot levy protective tariffs President • Jefferson Davis • Suffered from inability to increase executive/federal power—ideology of states’ rights backfired! Economy • imposed income taxes • issued money=inflation

21. The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

22. Overviewofthe North’sCivil WarStrategy: “Anaconda”Plan

23. The “Anaconda” Plan • Naval blockade of the South to cut off essential supplies (Anaconda Plan) • Control the Mississippi River and divide the South. • Take control of Richmond, Virginia

24. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan,Again!

25. The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

26. First Manassas (Bull Run) • July 1861 • First major battle • Union fled to D.C. • Showed that the Union was in it for the long run

27. Antietam (Sharpsburg)

28. Antietam (Sharpsburg)

29. The Battle of Antietam, September 1862 • The Union victory persuaded England and France to remain neutral  While both European powers saw advantages in a divided America, they followed a cautious policy toward both the North and South • Bloodiest day of the war (22,000 killed) • Stopped the possibility of Confederates receiving foreign recognition and aid. • The Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

30. The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln delayed issuing the Emancipation Proclamation b/c he didn’t want to antagonize slave owners in Border States • The North originally went to war to preserve the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the Union’s moral cause. • Rallied anti-slavery support in France and Britain • DID NOT free slaves in Border States • Freed ONLY the slaves in the states that were still in rebellion • It DID NOT grant African Americans political equality • Lincoln Hesitated to End Slavery • Wanted to keep support of the border states • Constitutional protections of slavery (5th Amendment) • Northern racism • Possibility that premature action could be overturned (next election)

31. Gettysburg • July 1863 • This was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. • It lasted 3 days. • Ultimately, Lee retreated, and was never again on the offensive.

32. Three days of fighting July 1-3, 1863…Image courtesy Library of Congress

33. … and 51,000 casualtieskilled, wounded, or missingImage courtesy Library of Congress

34. Finishing the War Total War • Lincoln had a very difficult time finding a general who could win • Grant’s new strategy: • Wage war on the enemy’s will to fight. • Systematically destroy southern supplies. • Foreshadowed trench warfare.

35. Finishing the War Sherman’s March to the Sea 1864 Marched from Tennessee to South Carolina Destroyed everything in their path: cotton fields, barns, livestock, houses Grant set Atlanta on fire. Sherman burned Columbia, South Carolina.

36. Foreign Affairs Trent Affair • The Union captured Confederate diplomats hoping to win British recognition. • The British insisted the Union return the prisoners, but did not recognize the Confederacy. Reasons Cotton Diplomacy Failed • Europe found other ways of getting cotton and didn’t need the South. • Confederate loss at Antietam (too much of a risk) • The Northern goal of ending slavery appealed to the working class British, although British leaders sympathized with the South. Foreign Raiders • Using ships purchased from the British, Confederates raided Union trade-vessels. • British paid the Union $15.5 million in damages and cancelled iron ship sales to the Confederacy.

37. Freedmen in the War ¼ of the slave population walked away from slavery as the Union army approached after the Emancipation Proclamation. • 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army. • Most units were segregated (Massachusetts 54th Regiment) • African American soldiers won the respect of northern soldiers • 37,000 African Americans died in the war. • “Army of Freedom” = African American fighters in the Union army

38. African-American Recruiting Poster

39. The Famous 54th Massachusetts

40. August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

41. African-Americansin Civil War Battles

42. Congressional Actions • Congress established a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency • Congress chartered two corporations – the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad – to build a transcontinental railroad connecting Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA • Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862, offering cheap – sometimes free – land to people who would settle the West and improve their property • Congress passed high tariffs to protect American industry from foreign competition • Morill Land Grant Act  govt gave land to states who created agriculture and mechanical colleges

46. The End of the War Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse • After 90 days of fighting, Lee’s men were forced to surrender at Appomattox, outside of Richmond Virginia.

47. 13th Amendment • December 1865 • Ended slavery • Lincoln secured enough votes in Congress for it to pass after his assassination. Assassination of Lincoln John Wilkes Booth shot the President while he attended a performance in Ford Theater 5 days after the war ended, hoping to save the Confederacy; a co-conspirator attacked Secretary of States Seward. Major effect = unity among northerners/decreased sympathy for defeated South

48. Casualties on Both Sides

49. Political Effects of the War Civil Liberties There is much debate about whether Lincoln stepped outside the constitutional bounds of the presidency in executing the war. k Political Parties Republicans were split: • Radical Republicans wanted abolition of slavery • Moderate Republicans (free-soilers) wanted economic opportunity for Whites only. Copperheads and Peace Democrats opposed the war and wanted peace. Dominance of the North • After the war, the dominance of the federal government over states rights was assumed by everyone [end of Federalist v. anti-Federalist debates]. • The abolition of slavery expanded the definition of American “democracy.” The Draft The Union Conscription Act • Made all men 20-45 eligible to fight. • Men could avoid the draft by paying someone else to replace them or paying $300. • White laborers thought African Americans would replace them in the labor force. • “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” • 1863: Riots broke out in New York City • Angry Irish attacked Blacks and rich Whites. • Suspension of the draft and federal troops restored order.

50. Economic Effects of the War Modernizing Northern Economy • Workers’ wages lowered with inflation. • The war encouraged manufacturing businesses to grow; a few war profiteers who became millionaires gained the capital that would help them finance postwar industrialization. Financing the War • The North raised money by selling government bonds an issuing Greenbacks. • Inflation caused Congress to create a unified banking system in 1863. Wartime Laws Promoted Economic Growth: • Morrill Tariff Act—increased taxes to protect American manufacturers • Homestead Act—offered 160 acres of Great Plains land to a family who would live there for 5 years • Morrill Land Grant Act—sold federal land to finance agricultural and technical colleges • Pacific Railway Act—created a northern route for a transcontinental railroad to link CA & western land to eastern states