Biology Keystone

1. Biology Keystone Review DaysMay 2nd and May 16th Module A: Cells and Cell Processes Module B: Continuity and Unity of Life

2. MODULE A: Cells and Cell Processes • Fill in the VIEWING GUIDE as we go through the information. • Your teacher has the answer key to the VIEWING GUIDE. It will also be posted on the high school website when the review sessions are over. • At the end of each topic we will pause for a few minutes so you can answer the multiple choice questions. • Refer back to your VIEWING GUIDE to help answer the questions. • We will go over the answers to the questions before moving on to the next topic.

3. Topic 1: Biochemistry and the Molecules of Life • Viewing Guide # 1-12 • Multiple Choice Questions #1-4

5. Water • Water is a polar molecule. • Hydrogen Bonds – attraction between partial positive and negative charges • Accounts for many of water’s special properties

6. Properties of Water • Cohesion • The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. • Surface tension results from the cohesive properties of water

7. Properties of Water • Adhesion • the intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules. • Capillary action results from the adhesive properties of water and the molecules that make up plant cells.

8. Monomers and Polymers • Monomers – small units that join together to form polymers • Polymers – molecule made up of many monomers • Polymerization – process in which monomers are joined together to form polymers

9. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

10. Carbohydrates

11. Lipids

12. Nucleic Acids

13. Proteins

14. Enzymes • Chemical Reactions • A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another/ involves changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds • Example: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 Reactants Yields Products • Reactants– compounds that enter into a chemical reaction • Products – elements or compounds produced by the chemical reaction

15. Enzymes • Sometimes, living organisms require chemical reactions that are TOO SLOW or need to much activation energy • Activation energy: energy need to get a reaction started • Catalysts help these reactions take place • Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts, speed up the chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

16. Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reactants Reaction pathway with enzyme Products

17. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex • Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, which reduces the energy needed for the reaction (active site) • Substrates – the reactant in the enzyme reaction • Binds to the active site of the enzyme • The enzyme and substrate have complementary shapes

18. Enzyme Activity • Can be affected by environmental conditions • Temperature • Increase speeds up reaction (too high the protein will denature) • Decrease slows down reaction • pH • Too high or too low will deactivate the enzyme

19. Topic 1: Biochemistry and the Molecules of Life • Answer multiple choice questions #1-4 in your packet. • We will go over the answers in a few minutes. • Your teacher has the answer key to the viewing guide. It will also be posted on the high school website when the review sessions are over.

20. 1. Water is a ____ molecule, which lends it to many important properties. • Polar • Nonpolar • Ionic • Metallic

21. 1. Water is a ____ molecule, which lends it to many important properties. • Polar • Nonpolar • Ionic • Metallic

22. 2. Compounds like H2O and CO2 would be _____, while compounds like C6H12O6 would be _____. • nonpolar; polar • polar; nonpolar • organic; inorganic • inorganic; organic

23. 2. Compounds like H2O and CO2 would be _____, while compounds like C6H12O6 would be _____. • nonpolar; polar • polar; nonpolar • organic; inorganic • inorganic; organic

24. 3. A macromolecule contains the elements C, H, and O. It is a polymer of hexagonal rings, and the elements come out to a ratio of 1:2:1. Which macromolecule would this be? • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Nucleic acid • Protein

25. 3. A macromolecule contains the elements C, H, and O. It is a polymer of hexagonal rings, and the elements come out to a ratio of 1:2:1. Which macromolecule would this be? • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Nucleic acid • Protein

26. 4. Biological catalysts speed up reactions by • Lowering activation energy • Increasing the reaction temperature • Decreasing the amount of reactant collisions • All of the above

27. 4. Biological catalysts speed up reactions by • Lowering activation energy • Increasing the reaction temperature • Decreasing the amount of reactant collisions • All of the above

28. Topic 2: Cells and Cellular Organization • Viewing Guide # 13-17 • Multiple Choice Questions #5-7

29. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes PROKARYOTES • NO nucleus • Have cytoplasm, plasma (cell) membrane, cell wall, DNA, ribosomes • Generally smaller, simpler • EXAMPLES – bacteria, archaebacteria EUKARYOTES • True nucleus • Have cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, nucleolus, vacuoles, cell wall, other organelles • Generally bigger, more complex • EXAMPLES – plants, animals, fungi, protists

31. Organelles • Tiny cell structures that carry out the specific functions of the cell • Functions: • Produce energy • Build/transport materials • Store/recycle food/waste Examples: nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

32. Plant vs. Animal Cells Venn Diagram • Plant Cells • Cell wall • Chloroplasts • Large, central vacuole • Animal Cells • No cell wall • No chloroplasts • Many small vacuoles • Similarities • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Organelles (ribosomes, ER, mitochondria, golgi)

33. Topic 2: Cells and Cellular Organization • Answer multiple choice questions #5-7 in your packet. • We will go over the answers in a few minutes. • Your teacher has the answer key to the viewing guide. It will also be posted on the high school website when the review sessions are over.

34. 5. Which type of cell has a nucleus? • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • Both • Neither

35. 5. Which type of cell has a nucleus? • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • Both • Neither

36. 6. The structure found in ALL cells that encloses a cell from the outside is the _______. • Cytosol • Cell wall • Endoplasmic reticulum • Cell membrane

37. 6. The structure found in ALL cells that encloses a cell from the outside is the _______. • Cytosol • Cell wall • Endoplasmic reticulum • Cell membrane

38. 7. Plants have this structure that allows them to carry out photosynthesis: • Mitochondria • Golgi bodies • Chloroplasts • Chromosomes

39. 7. Plants have this structure that allows them to carry out photosynthesis: • Mitochondria • Golgi bodies • Chloroplasts • Chromosomes

40. Topic 3: Cellular Transport • Viewing Guide # 18-23 • Multiple Choice Questions #8-11

41. Diffusion • Movement of molecules from an area of [high] to [low]. • Any type of molecule • Equilibrium

42. Osmosis • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane • Solute typically can’t move The solute is the thing that dissolves in water!

43. Isotonic • “same strength” on both sides of the membrane (equilibrium) • (think ISOceles triangle)

44. Hypertonic • “above strength” • The solution with the higher concentration of solute • (think “high” on sugar)

45. Hypotonic • “below strength” • Solution with the lower concentration of solute • (“O” = low)

46. Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of larger or strongly charged particles across the cell membrane through specialized protein channels • Does NOT require energy

47. Active Transport • Movement of molecules across the cell membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient • Energy is required • Often used for LARGE and CHARGED molecules • Example: sodium-potassium pump

48. Moves Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradients • Creates an electrical gradient between outside and inside of cell

49. Cell Transport: Comparison

50. Topic 3: Cellular Transport • Answer multiple choice questions #8-11 in your packet. • We will go over the answers in a few minutes. • Your teacher has the answer key to the viewing guide. It will also be posted on the high school website when the review sessions are over.