DAY 2 PSAE REVIEW LESSONS

1. DAY 2 PSAE REVIEW LESSONS For the ISBE Science Assessment Work Keys

2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN/SCIENTIFIC METHOD y • Independent variable– the factor that is changed/manipulated in the experiment • Graphed on the x-axis • Dependent variable- the factor that is measured in the experiment • Graphed on the y-axis x • Example: If fertilizer(independent variable)is added to soil, then the plant’s height (dependent variable) will increase, because fertilizer contains nutrients such as nitrogen(N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur(S); which are essential to the growth of plants.

3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN/SCIENTIFIC METHOD • Hypothesis– how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable and scientific evidence to support the reasoning • Control– group in which independent variable is unchanged • Constants – factors in experiment which remain unchanged • Comprehension Question: • In the previous example about plant height and fertilizer, what was the hypothesis?

4. BIOCHEMISTRY Macromolecules – • Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, ex - Glucose), • Lipids (Fatty Acids + Glycerol), • Proteins (Amino Acids), • Nucleic Acids (Nucleotides = Phosphate, Sugar, Base)

5. CELL TRANSPORTATION • Diffusion – movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, towards equilibrium • Osmosis – diffusion of water Plant cells will not burst under increased water pressure due to protection of cell wall.

6. ENERGY TRANSFER • Photosynthesis– Energy from the sun is trapped by pigments in chloroplasts (in plants and some fungi and bacteria). This solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The rate of photosynthesis is effected by color and intensity of light and temperature. • Equation: • Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen

7. Cellular Respiration – In eukaryotes, food (glucose) is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. • Aerobic Respiration – Oxygen is present. Glucose is used to produce ATP via the mitochondria. • Equation: • Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen → • Energy(ATP) + Carbon Dioxide + Water

8. Cellular Respiration – In eukaryotes, food (glucose) is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. • Anaerobic Respiration – Oxygen is NOT present. Also called fermentation.

9. CELL REPRODUCTION • Binary fission – prokaryote reproduction • Mitosis – produces body cells in eukaryotes (ex. Skin cells) Phases: • Interphase (Phases: G1, S, G2) – DNA replicates and prepares for reproduction • DNA Replication – reproduce DNA for cell reproduction. Original DNA strands are “cut” apart. Original strands are paired together with new nucleotides to make new DNA strands. • Prophase – nucleus breaks down • Metaphase – chromosome pairs line up in middle of cell • Anaphase – chromosome pair split to opposite sides of cell • Telophase – cell begins to reform nuclei and split • Cyotkinesis– cell splits into two exact cell copies

10. MITOSISMEIOSIS

11. CELL REPRODUCTION • Meiosis – produces gametes ,sperm and eggs (technically called ovum) in sex organs (testes and ovaries) Goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase twice. • During Prophase I, chromosome pairs swap DNA (crossing over) resulting in genetic recombination.

12. GENETICS • DNA– deoxyribnucleic acid • DNA Bases = Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) • Base Pairs: A and T pair together, G and C pair together • DNA Sugar = deoxyribose • Consists of chains of nucleotides: • base – sugar - phosphate

13. GENETICS • RNA – ribonucleic acid • Similar to DNA but with the base Uracil instead of Thymine and Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose. • Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) important in process of protein synthesis.

14. GENETICS • Gene – portion of DNA which codes for a trait • Chromosome – a strand of DNA consisting of several genes. A human body cell has 46 chromosomes: 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad. The chromosomes are 1-22 and an X or Y, which determine gender. XX is female and XY is male. • Two copies of every chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad), the copies are referred to as alleles.

15. GENETICS • Since there are two copies of every chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad), the copies are referred to as alleles • Dominant Allele – masks a recessive allele • Recessive Allele – masked by a dominant allele

16. CELL TRANSPORTATION • Genotype– the type of alleles present for a particular gene. (ex. Bb) • Homozygous – 2 of the same allele • Homozygous Dominant – ex. AA • Homozygous Recessive – ex. aa • Heterozygous – 2 different alleles (ex. Aa) • Phenotype – the physical trait present due to a particular genotype. • Ex. Aa = wing color

17. GENETICS • Sex-linked genes – genes of the X or Y chromosome. Genotype is written by first identifying the individual’s genotype for gender, followed by superscript genotype of gene. Ex. Gene for colorblindness found on the X chromosome. XCXc

18. GENETICS • Pedigree Chart • Circle (female) Square (male) Punnett square

19. GENETICS • Protein Synthesis – creation of protein molecules • Transcription – The DNA code is copied in the nucleus. The result is mRNA, which is carried to the cytoplasm. • DNAACGTACGA • mRNAUGCAUGCU • Translation - mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Every three mRNA bases (referred to as a codon) are paired with tRNA (bases referred to as the anti-codon). The tRNA has an attached amino acid. to produce a chain of amino acids which twist and fold together to produce a protein.

20. TAXONOMY • Kingdoms – Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

21. ECOLOGY Energy cycles through an ecosystem. Primary producers contain the most energy followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers and scavengers, which contain the least amount of energy.

22. ECOLOGY • Mutualism - both organisms benefit • Commensalism - One organism benefits, the other is not effected • Parasitism – One organism benefits, the other is harmed • Succession- natural process of change in an ecosystem that occurs after a disturbance

23. STATES OF MATTER • Solid –definite shape and definite volume • Liquid – definite volume, but no definite shape • Gas – no definite shape and no definite volume • Plasma – an ionized (charged) gas

24. STATES OF MATTER • Phase Change – a change from one state of matter to another

25. THE ATOM • Protons - positive charge, located in nucleus • Neutrons - neutral charge, located in nucleus • Electrons - negative charge, in electron cloud (orbitals) around nucleus.

26. THE ATOM • Atomic Number = number of protons, which equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom • Atomic Mass = number of protons plus neutrons

27. THE ATOM • Ion – an electrically charged particle • Anion – atom that gained one or more electrons (negatively charged ion) • Cation –atom that lost one or more electrons (positively charged ion)

28. THE ATOM • Bond – sharing or transfer of electrons which holds two atoms together chemically, forming a new compound • Covalent Bond – two atoms share electrons (Ex – CO, carbon monoxide) • Ionic Bond – An electron from one atom is transferred to another atom (Ex – NaCl, sodium chloride) C O

29. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS • Moving across the periodic table: atomic radius (size) decreases, ionization energy and electronegativityincrease. • Moving down the period table: atomic radius (size) increases, ionization energy and electronegativitydecrease.

30. CHEMICAL REACTIONS • Chemical Reaction – A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are chemically changed into one or more new substances(products) • Law of conservation of mass – • the total mass of the substance(s) that exist before a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the substance(s) that exist after the reaction.

31. ACIDS & BASES • Acids – compounds which yield H+ ions when dissolved in water • Bases - compounds which yield OH- ions when dissolved in water pH measures acidity… • Lower than 7 is acidic, greater than 7 is basic, and a pH of 7 is neutral

32. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE Earth’s Layers • Crust– most shallow layer, located at surface and made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum • Mantle – located between crust and core; made up of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon • Core– located at very center of the Earth and made up of iron and nickel

33. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE • Rocks - a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals • Igneous – form at the surface from lava and inside the crust from magma that has cooled. • Ex. Basalt and granite • Sedimentary – results from weathering, erosion, or precipitated fragments that have been buried under pressure • Ex. Limestone and Shale • Metamorphic – form under conditions of extreme temperature and pressure change • Ex. Gneiss and Marble

34. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE • Index Fossils – fossils from life forms present during limited periods of existence, used as a marker to identify the age of the rock

35. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE • Plate Tectonics – large scale movement of the Earth’s lithosphere, which is broken up into plates • Plate boundaries • Convergent – plates push together • Divergent – plates pull apart • Transform – plates side past each other • Lithosphere – rigid, brittle crust and the uppermost part of the mantle; divided into plates

36. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE • Atmosphere – layers of gases surrounding a planet, held in place by the planet’s gravitational forces

37. EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE • Biome – large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups which are adapted to a particular environment