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Haunted by the past QUIZ

Haunted by the past QUIZ. Name some natural defences of the female genital tract . 1) Anatomical Features Simple squamous epithelium in vagina Associated skin folds (labia major + minor) Cervix is a physical barrier to most infections from ascending to uterus + oviducts

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Haunted by the past QUIZ

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  1. Haunted by the past QUIZ

  2. Name some natural defences of the female genital tract • 1) Anatomical Features • Simple squamous epithelium in vagina • Associated skin folds (labia major + minor) • Cervix is a physical barrier to most infections from ascending to uterus + oviducts • 2) Normal microbial flora • 3) Acid environment (pH 5) • Maintained by lactobacilli (major defence) • Vaginal epithelium produces glycogen in response to circulating E • Lactobacilli metabolise glycogen to lactic acid ¯pH • 4) Cervical mucus • Antibacterial activity + contains lysozyme • 5) Ciliated cells of uterus • Constantly drive mucous towards natural orifices carrying with it any bacteria • 6) Regular menstruation

  3. Match Treponemapallidum Neisseria gonorrhea Gardenellavaginalis Chlamydia trachomatis HSV Haemophilusducreyi HPV • Gonorrhea • Chlamydia • Syphilis • Bacterial vaginosis • Chancroid • LGV • Genital Herpes • Genital Warts

  4. What are 4 ways to detect pathogens? • 1. Selective media (organisms that grow) • 2. NAAT for organisms that do not grow well or are non-cultivable & have conserved DNA/RNA • 3. Serology (for organisms that produce an antibody response) • 4. Microscopy (IF, special stains, wet mounts as indication and for visible but noncultivable organisms)

  5. Match • Best sample to detect this organism • for antibody detection • for antigen detection • for culture, Gram stain, molecular testing • Pus • Blood • Urine

  6. What is the incubation period of syphilis? • 3 weeks

  7. What are the clinical features of Chlamydia? • Females: asymptomatic in 70% • mucopurulent cervical • Discharge • Dysuria • dyspareuniaand • pelvic pain • abnormal bleeding • Males: asymptomatic up to 50% • Dysuria, discharge, epididymitis, prostatitis

  8. What are some risk factors for acquiring Chlamydia? • under 25 yrs • more than one partner • recent change of partner • unprotected sex • homeless youth • drug, alcohol and substance use

  9. True or false? • Ectopic pregnancy - Produces pain only with acute dilatation of the tube, if the tube ruptures pain is relieved a little and is replaced by generalized pelvic and abdominal pain as the haemoperitoneum develops • Functional cysts (follicle, corpus luteum) rupture less readily than do benign or malignant neoplasms

  10. What can cause this sort of pain? • Acute onset of bilateral lower abdominal pain that increases with movement, fever, purulent vaginal discharge • Pain often associated with menses • Direct and rebound tenderness, cervical motion tenderness and bilateral adnexaltenderness PID

  11. What are some DDx for Differential diagnosis of SecondaryDysmenorrhoea • Endometriosis • Uterine or vaginal abnormalities with obstruction of menstrual flow (hydrometrocolpos) • Intrauterine synechiae (Asherman’ssynd) • Endometrial polyps or IUDs • Uterine leiomyomata • Adenomyosis • Pelvic congestion syndrome (chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices)

  12. What are some complications of PID? • Tubo-ovarian abscess • Peritonitis • Intestinal obstruction • Bacteraemia • Infertility

  13. What type of ovarian cancer?

  14. What is the clinical marker for granulosa cell tumors? • Inhibin • may secrete oestrogen+ potentially malignant

  15. Who am I?

  16. What age group are dysgerminoma more common? • Teens, 20s • Unilateral, 15+ cm, sheets of germ cells, with c.t. septae containing lymphocytes

  17. Give a brief summary of the immunology of HIV • HIV binds to gp120 glycoprotein, to CD4 receptors on helper T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and neural cells • CD4+ cells migrate to lymphoid tissue where the virus replicates  release and in turn infect new CD4+ cells • As infection progress depletion or impaired function of CD4+ cells decrease immune function

  18. What are the stages of HIV infection? • Acute infection – asymptomatic • Seroconversion – malaise, myalgia, pharyngitis, maculopapular rash • Asymptomatic infection • Persistent generalisedlymphadenopathy • AIDS-related complex • AIDS

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