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Survey Research

Survey Research. A widely used research technique Provides information about people’s attitudes, experience, and knowledge Used extensively today by researchers, politicians, and news organizations Structured Interviews Telephone surveys Mailing Survey. Types of Surveys. Status surveys

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Survey Research

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  1. Survey Research • A widely used research technique • Provides information about people’s attitudes, experience, and knowledge • Used extensively today by researchers, politicians, and news organizations • Structured Interviews • Telephone surveys • Mailing Survey Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  2. Types of Surveys • Status surveys • Descriptive survey about the current status of the population sampled • Descriptive information can guide policy and inform policy makers • Survey research • Seeks to identify relationships among the variables studied in the survey Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  3. Steps in Survey Research • Determine what you want to study • Define the population to be studied • Design, construct, pilot, and refine the survey instrument • Select a representative sample • Administer the survey • Analyze, interpret, and communicate results Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  4. Form of the Survey Instrument • Group-administered survey • Written survey with instructions included • Administered in groups or through the mail • Individual survey schedule • Administered in person or over the phone • Can be rather complex, provided there is a clear procedure for the interviewer to follow • Allows clarification more easily than in group-administered surveys Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  5. Developing a Survey Instrument • Use clear language and explicit instructions • Types and number of questions will depend on the purpose and the type of survey planned • Types of items • Open-ended items • Multiple-choice items • Likert-scale items Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  6. Sample Open-Ended Questions • How do you typically handle interpersonal difficulties with your co-workers? • If you were president, what issues would you make your top priority? • What situations are particularly stressful for you? Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  7. How frequently do you take a sick day from work? a) never b) once or twice a year c) 3 to 5 times a year d) 6 to 12 times a year e) at least once a month Identify the issue that you believe is most critical to this country’s future. a) the economy b) education c) integrity in government d) national defense e) some other issue Sample Multiple-Choice Questions Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  8. Sample Likert-Scale Questions • I enjoyed the video shown in class. not at all somewhat a lot very much 1 2 3 4 • Everyone should vote. strongly agree agree uncertain disagree strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 • How satisfied are you with your advisor 1 2 3 4 5 Unsatisfied Satisfied Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  9. Issues in Sampling • Need to clearly define the population and then develop a strategy for adequately sampling from the population • Identify each member of the population • Sample from the comprehensive list • The more representative the sample, the more valid the conclusions from the survey Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  10. Sampling Procedures • Nonprobabilitysamples • Convenience sample gathered quickly, but with little interest in drawing strong conclusions • Probabilitysamples • Simple random sampling (Every person has an equal chance of being included) • Stratified random sampling • Random sampling within clearly defined strata (subdivisions of the population) Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  11. Sample Size • Sample size is based on several factors • Costs and time constraints • Degree of precision needed • Larger samples will provide more precise estimates of population parameters • More heterogeneous populations require larger sample sizes Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

  12. Research Design of Surveys • Cross-sectional designs • Administer the survey once to a sample • Longitudinal designs • Repeatedly survey the same participants • Allows us to see changes in attitudes, experience, and knowledge over time • Difficult to get participants to submit to such long-term research Dr.Launius Psy 1191 Adapted from Graziano & Raulin (2004)

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