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Chapter 14. The Renaissance and Reformation. 14.1 The Renaissance in Italy. The Italian City-States The Renaissance began in Italy, then spread north. Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.
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Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation
14.1 The Renaissance in Italy The Italian City-States • The Renaissance began in Italy, then spread north. • Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. • The wealthy Medici family from Florence & others funded many gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars & scientists.
The Renaissance? • Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change • An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages. • A spirit of adventure • Columbus, Copernicus • Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. • Believed that education stimulated creative powers • Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric
Golden Age of the Arts • Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported. • Much religious & humanist art • Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. • Use of geometric shapes • R. Architects rejected Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes. Renaissance Rome
The Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art • Leonardo (da Vinci) • Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Also a scientist (airplane) • Michelangelo • Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet • Pieta (Mary cradles Jesus), statue of David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral • Raphael • The School of Athens, & Madonna paintings Leonardo self-portrait
Leonardo, the Artist • The Virgin of the Rocks • Leonardo daVinci • 1483-1486
Leonardo, the Artist:From his Notebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519)
Deterioration • Detail of Jesus • The Last Supper • Leonardo da Vinci • 1498
Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Notebook • Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his notebook • An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook
2. Michelangelo Buonorrati • 1475 – 1564 • He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.
David • MichelangeloBuonarotti • 1504 • Marble
The Popes as Patrons of the Arts • The Pieta • MichelangeloBuonarroti • 1499 • marble
The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man
The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment
3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518
Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael 1504
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo
Italian R. Writers • Castiglione – The Book of the Courtier • Machiavelli – The Prince • Believed that getting results was more important that keeping promises (deceit in politics)
14.1 Review • What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance? • What is the meaning of “Renaissance?” • In which century did the Renaissance begin? • What is humanism? • What were major changes in art (style) during this time? • Name the three most famous Renaissance artists. • What were the two most famous writers? • What is the meaning of being Machiavellian?
14.2 The Renaissance Moves North Artists of the Northern Renaissance • Germany – Albrecht Durer • Flemish – van Eyck, Rubens, & Bruegel Peter Paul Rubens
The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].
Burghley House for William Cecil The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) • More courtly and aristocratic work. • Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. • The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
Humanists • Dutch – Erasmus • Priest who called for the Bible to be translated into the vernacular instead of Latin. • English – Thomas More • Wrote Utopia, describing an ideal society of peace & harmony
Writers • French – Rabelais • English – William Shakespeare • Wrote comedies & tragedies • Enriched the English language w/ 1,700 words • Spanish – Cervantes • Wrote Don Quixote William Shakespeare
The Printing Revolution • In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press • 1st complete ed. of the Bible • Used ideas from China & Korea • Brought immense changes • People now learned to read • Learned a broad range of knowledge
Review 14.2 • Name 2 northern Renaissance artists. • Why was Erasmus important? • Who was the most famous Renaissance writer? • Who was the Spanish writer & what was his most famous book? • What was the significance of the printing press? • Who was the first to use it & for what?
14.3 The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • By R. times, the church was very wealthy & powerful. • Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts. • To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory) • Once given for good deeds…
Luther’s Protest • In 1517, protests against Church abuses erupted. • Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther • In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences… • Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church. • Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views. • Luther refused & was excommunicated.
The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw. • Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope. • Beliefs? • The Bible is the word of God, not the pope. • Salvation through faith, not works • Priests are regular people & could marry. • Only 2/7 sacraments were in the Bible
Why did Lutheranism spread? It was the answer to years of Church corruption. • Many peasants followed him and revolts erupted across Germany. • The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, allowing the new religion to exist. • N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic. Peace of Augsburg, Germany
Calvinism • John Calvin followed Luther in France & Switzerland except he also believed in predestination (all sinners or saints) • Calvinists believed in strict morality, no dancing, no laughing in church • Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans • Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists
14.3 Review • What was the “final” reason that Luther rebelled against the Catholic church? • What was the overall reason? • What action did he take and what was the result? • What were the main beliefs that Protestants differed from Catholics? • What was the first protestant church called? • Where in Europe did the protestant religion spread? • What was the 2nd main protestant church that split from the Church?