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World Religions

World Religions. World History & Geography II. Judaism. FOUNDER: Abraham. HOLY BOOK: the Torah. HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Synagogue. FOLLOWERS: “Jews”. Judaism. HISTORY. God Spoke to Abraham (around 1800 BCE). Abraham makes a covenant (agreement) – love and support for worship.

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World Religions

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  1. World Religions • World History & Geography II

  2. Judaism • FOUNDER: Abraham • HOLY BOOK: the Torah • HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Synagogue • FOLLOWERS: “Jews”

  3. Judaism HISTORY • God Spoke to Abraham (around 1800 BCE) • Abraham makes a covenant (agreement) – • love and support for worship • God gives Moses the 10 Commandments

  4. Judaism HISTORY (cont’d) • Jews persecuted throughout history because of • Christian belief that fellow Jews were • responsible for the death of Jesus of Nazareth • Following WWII - Jews finally gain Canaan • officially in 1948 and rename it Israel

  5. Judaism BELIEFS • The first monotheistic religion • Following Torah and the 10 Commandments • will lead to heaven • “ethical world view” – people should lead • moral lives

  6. Judaism BELIEFS cont’d • A synagogue MUST have windows • Bar Mitzvah: boys declare responsibility as adults • Bat Mitzvah: girls have similar ceremony

  7. Judaism TRADITIONS • Passover: signifies “passing over” from • slavery in Egypt to freedom • Rosh Hashanah: the Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement – fasting • to repent; to purify body and soul

  8. Judaism TRADITIONS cont’d • Hanukkah: the Festival of Lights • – a declaration of faith • Kosher diet: no pork; dietary laws overseen • by Rabbis

  9. Judaism TRADITIONS cont’d • Yarmulke: worn to symbolize God’s superiority • to men • Saturday is considered the Sabbath

  10. Christianity • FOUNDER: Jesus of Nazareth • HOLY BOOK: the Bible • (Old Testament and New Testament) • HOUSE OF WORSHIP: churches • FOLLOWERS: Christians

  11. Christianity HISTORY • Jesus Christ born in Bethlehem • Followers believed him to be the Messiah • (King of the Jews) and son of God • Attracted followers because of his • message that stressed love for God • and compassion for other people

  12. Christianity HISTORY cont’d • Had 12 disciples known as “apostles” who would • later write the stories of the New Testament • Christian teachings are rooted in the Hebrews’ • ethical world view • Romans thought Jesus’ teachings were • a threat to Roman authority

  13. Christianity HISTORY cont’d • Jesus Christ was tried, convicted and executed • by crucifixion around 30 CE • Early Christians were heavily persecuted • and martyred for their beliefs

  14. Christianity HISTORY cont’d • Constantine granted toleration to • Christians and converted in 313 CE • Christianity was made the official religion • of the Roman Empire in 395 CE

  15. Christianity BELIEFS • Monotheistic • The Trinity – Father/Son/Holy Spirit • one God in three beings • Treat others as you would be treated • God is a loving and forgiving being

  16. Christianity BELIEFS cont’d • Good deeds on Earth will be rewarded • with a life in “heaven” after death • Ten Commandments • Jesus died for all mens’ sins

  17. Christianity TRADITIONS • Celebration of Christ’s birth – Christmas • Celebration of Christ’s resurrection – Easter • Consider Sunday the Sabbath

  18. Christianity Modern Christianity • ALL Christian religions that are NOT • Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox are • Protestant denominations • There are more than 200 Protestant • denominations today

  19. Islam • FOUNDER: Muhammad • HOLY BOOK: Quran (Koran) • HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Mosque • FOLLOWERS: Muslims • GOD: Known as Allah

  20. Islam HISTORY • Muhammad is born about 570 in Mecca • 610: he is visited by the angel Gabriel and • called to be a messenger of God • Muhammad tries to convert the • people of Mecca but fails

  21. Islam HISTORY cont’d • 622: the Hijra – Muhammad and his followers • left Mecca for Yathrib (now Medina) • Muhammad was welcomed in Medina as • a ruler and as God’s prophet; as a • result, thousands adopted Islam

  22. Islam HISTORY cont’d • 630: Muhammad returned to Mecca, the people • converted to Islam and destroyed the idols • in the Kaaba • By Muhammad’s death in 632 most • Arabs had converted to Islam • Caliphs spread Islam far beyond • Arabia

  23. Islam BELIEFS • Allah is all powerful and all knowing • Allah is the only God • Christian and Jewish prophets • (including Jesus) are • messengers of Allah’s word

  24. Islam BELIEFS cont’d • All people are created equal and born without • sin • Each person will stand before Allah on Judgment • Day and go to paradise or to hell

  25. Islam BELIEFS/PRACTICES THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM • SHAHADA: the profession of faith in Allah • as the one true God • SALAT: the ritual prayers • performed five times per day • while facing Mecca (east)

  26. Islam BELIEFS/PRACTICES Cont’d THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM • ZAKAT: almsgiving or charity • SAWM: fasting during the daylight • hours of the holy month of • Ramadan

  27. Islam BELIEFS/PRACTICES Cont’d THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM • HAJJ: pilgrimage to Mecca – done at least once • by every Muslim who is able

  28. Islam BELIEFS/PRACTICES Cont’d • DIET: no pork • no alcohol or other addictive drugs • Friday is considered the Sabbath

  29. Hinduism • FOUNDER: no single founder Shiva • HOLY BOOK: the Vedas • HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples • FOLLOWERS: Hindus

  30. Hinduism BELIEFS “God is one but wise people know it by many names” • BRAHMAN: A single spiritual power beyond • the many gods of the Vedas – an unchanging, • all-powerful spiritual force

  31. Hinduism BELIEFS cont’d • The most important Hindu gods are: • Brahma – the creator • Vishnu – the preserver • Shiva – the destroyer

  32. Shiva

  33. Hinduism BELIEFS cont’d • REINCARNATION: rebirth after death into • another form • conduct in this life determines caste in • the next • MOKSHA: achieving union with • Brahman

  34. Hinduism BELIEFS cont’d • KARMA: all of the actions of a person’s • life that affect his/her fate in the next life • DHARMA: an individual’s religious and • moral duties

  35. ` Hinduism BELIEFS cont’d • CASTE SYSTEM (Jati): the social hierarchy that • divided and framed Hindu society • Five primary groups: • * Brahmans (priest caste) • * Kashatriyas (warrior caste) • * Vaisayas (merchants and farmers) • * Sudras (menial workers) • * Panchamas (untouchables) • -- now known as Harijans

  36. Buddhism • FOUNDER: Siddhartha Gautama • Buddha means “Enlightened One” • HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples • FOLLOWERS: Buddhists

  37. Buddhism HISTORY • Siddhartha was born about 566 BCE into the • Kashatriya (warrior) caste • Left his home to discover “the realm of life • where there is neither suffering nor • death”

  38. Buddhism HISTORY cont’d • Gautama wandered for years, seeking answers • Eventually, he gave up his search and decided • to meditate until he understood the • mystery of life • He meditated for 48 days - until he • understood the cause of suffering • and death

  39. Buddhism BELIEFS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FIRST NOBLE TRUTH: All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow (SAMSARA) SECOND NOBLE TRUTH: Desire is the cause of this suffering

  40. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS THIRD NOBLE TRUTH: The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH: Nirvana can be reached by way of the Eightfold Path

  41. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) EIGHTFOLD PATH • Right Views 7. Right Livelihood • Right Aspiration 8. Right Effort • Right Speech • Right Conduct • Right Mindfulness • Right Rapture

  42. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) • Through meditation a Buddhist may achieve • enlightenment • The final goal of a Buddhist is to reach • NIRVANA, union with the universe • and release from the cycle of • rebirth

  43. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) • The Middle Way: The Buddha saw following • the Eightfold Path as a way to salvation • Buddhism emphasizes moral and ethical • rules

  44. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) SHARED TRADITIONS (with Hinduism): • Both accept concepts of Kharma, Dharma • and Moksha • Cycle of rebirth • Principles of nonviolence

  45. Buddhism BELIEFS (cont’d) DIFFERENCES from Hinduism: • Rejects priests, formal rituals and the many • Hindu gods • Urges individuals to seek enlightenment • through meditation • Rejected the caste system

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