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Essential Question:

Essential Question: What were the significant individuals & accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement ? What turning points in Black History came before the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s?. Turning Points in Black History .

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Essential Question:

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  1. Essential Question: • What were the significant individuals & accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement? What turning points in Black History came before the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s?

  2. Turning Points in Black History • 1619—the introduction of the first slaves in the American colonies • 1787—NW Ordinance banned slavery in these territories • 1793—cotton gin accelerated the spread of cotton & slave system • 1808: end of Atlantic slave trade • 1863: Emancipation Proclamation • 1877—the 2nd Corrupt Bargain brought an end to Reconstruction

  3. Effects of the American Revolution on slavery • Inspired contradiction regarding “liberty” against Britain vs. slavery • Many slave owners “manumitted” their slaves • Many Northern states abolished slavery by state constitution • Numerous anti-slave societies were formed (but remained a minority voice until 1830s)

  4. Slave Uprisings • Colonial: • NY city uprising (1712) & the Stono Rebellion in SC (1739) • Antebellum: • Gabriel Prosser in VA (1800) & Denmark Vesey in SC (1822) were foiled before they occurred • Nat Turner in VA (1831) led the bloodiest slave uprising ever • John Brown in VA (1859) became a Civil War martyr

  5. Turning Points in Black History-Supreme Court Cases • Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)—blacks are not citizens & declared Missouri Comp unconstitutional • Plessy v Ferguson (1896)—segregation is constitutional when “separate” facilities are “equal” • Brown v Board of Edu (1954)—overturned “separate but equal” in American public schools

  6. Key Events in Black History • For the AP test, be able to identify events in which slavery caused sectional problems prior to the Civil War such as…..

  7. Turning Points in Black History • Constitution: no mention of slavery until 1808 & the 3/5 compromise • Reform societies (Garrison) & parties (Liberty & Free Soil) • Compromises of 1820 & 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (pop sov) • Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • Literature: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) & Impending Crisis of South (Helper) • John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry • LincolnasRepublicannominee(1860)

  8. Key Events in Black History • Name the Reconstruction Amendments & what each did for African-Americans

  9. Turning Points in Black History • 13th Amendment ended slavery • 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship regardless race & the protection against discrimination • 15th Amendment gave forbade racial discrimination in voting

  10. Key Events in Black History • Identify specific ways African-Americans were protected by the federal government during Reconstruction (1865-1877)

  11. Turning Points in Black History • Freedman’s Bureau (1865) • Civil Rights Acts (1866; 1875) • Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865-1867) forced states to ratify the 13th Amnd, but did not protect black rights • 14th Amnd (proposed 1866; rat 1868) • Radical Republican Plan (1867-1877): • Military districts with federal troops • Required state guarantee of voting • ForceActsreducedKKKintimidation

  12. Key Events in Black History • Identify ways in which African-Americans were discriminated against in the Jim Crow era (1877-1954)

  13. Turning Points in Black History • Economic: sharecropping, crop-lien, racial hiring practices & pay scales • Political: de jure segregation laws in schools & public facilities, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, dominance of Democratic Party in South, segregation in military, AAA & NRA New Deal initiatives allowed for discrimination, no anti-lynching laws • Social: de facto segregation, race riots due to Great Migration(s), white flight in suburbs, lynching & intimidation

  14. Turning Points in Black History: 3 civil rights leaders of the Jim Crow era (1877-1954) & their key ideas • Booker T. Washington (Atlanta Compromise)—accept discrimination temporarily & focus on improvement through hard work, education & accommodation • WEB DuBois—political action now via the NAACP, “the Talented Tenth” • Marcus Garvey—black separatism & economic self-dependence • A Philip Randolph—Pushed the “Double V” campaign in WWII; first March on Washington proposed by him in WWII

  15. Turning Points in Black History-Presidents who helped Civil Rights • FDR: ban on discriminatory hiring during WWII (FEPC) • Truman: desegregation of military (Executive Order 9981) • Eisenhower: forcing integration at Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas (the “Little Rock Nine”) • LBJ: Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned segregation & ended Jim Crow laws; Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & protected polls

  16. Slavery in American History (1619-1865) Review

  17. Slavery in American History • 1619: 1st African slaves were introduced in Jamestown • 1660:slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the primary colonial labor system: • Northern domestic servants • Chesapeake tobacco plantations • Southern rice & indigo industries • By 1720: the African slave population became self-sustaining

  18. Slavery in American History • American Revolution in 1776 revealed the hypocrisy of slavery • Nine states abolished slavery • NW Ordinance (1787) of the ArticlesofConfedbannedslavery • Constitution ended the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1808, but did not abolish slavery • From 1800 to 1860, “King Cotton” spreadslaveryasfarWestasTexas

  19. Slavery in American History • From 1820-1860, slavery became a divisive issue in America: • Sectional disputes (1820, 1850, popular sovereignty, Dred Scott) • Slave uprisings (Prosser, Vesey, Nat Turner, & John Brown’s raid) • Abolitionists led by William Lloyd Garrison & Frederick Douglass • Civil War & Emancipation Proc

  20. The Failure of Reconstruction & the Rise of Jim Crow (1865-1954)

  21. The Failure of Reconstruction • During Reconstruction, Radical Republicans protected freedmen: • 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments offered blacks equal rights • Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial discrimination • Freedman’s Bureau & KKK Act protected blacks in the South • 1876 election of Hayes brought an end to Reconstruction

  22. The Jim Crow Era • Jim Crow laws created by state gov’ts legalized segregation: • Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses were used to deprive blacks of voting rights • Most blacks were sharecroppers • KKK enforced racial inequality • In 1896, the Supreme Court declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case When segregation exists by law it is called de jure segregation

  23. The Jim Crow Era • Civil rights leaders demanded black equality in the Jim Crow era: • 1890s, WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington • 1909, NAACP was formed • Marcus Garvey in 1910s • Harlem Renaissance • New Deal & military segregation in World Wars 1 & 2 promoted racial discrimination

  24. The Jim Crow Era • 1940s brought some success: • Great Migration helped break sharecropping in South • In WW2, FDR created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) • A. Philip Randolph & “Double V” • In1947,JackieRobinsonwasthe 1st black major league baseball player

  25. Civil Rights as a Political Issue • Truman was the 1st president to attempttoendracialdiscrimination • Created a new commission on civil rights in 1946 & called for anti-lynching laws • Truman’s lasting legacy was the desegregation of the armed forces in 1948 • But, white flight to suburbs & Jim CrowlawslefttheU.S.segregated When segregation exists by “choice,” it is called de facto segregation

  26. The Modern Civil Rights Movement (1954-1965)

  27. The Struggle Over Civil Rights • The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with Brown v BOE & ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Blacks in the West & North had low-paying jobs & faced segregated neighborhoods • The Deep South was a totally segregated society due to Jim Crow laws Separate waiting rooms Separate seats on trains & buses Separate & inferior schools Separate phone booths Separate water fountains Separate hospitals

  28. Desegregating the Schools Even “equal” schools, if separate, inflict profound psychological damage to black children • Schools became the primary target of early civil rights advocates in the 1950s • The NAACP 1st targeted unfair university graduate admissions • Thurgood Marshall, a NAACP lawyer, used the 14th Amend’t to attack school segregation & Plessy v Ferguson precedent

  29. Desegregating the Schools • The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal” • Called for desegregation at “deliberate speed” by states • Border states complied quickly but the Deep South resisted—by 1960 less than 1% of blacks attended school with whites But…Pupil Placement Laws allowed for separate schools based on “aptitude” & “morality” Thurgood Marshall’s success in Brown made him the most famous black lawyer in America; In 1967, LBJ made him the 1st black justice to the Supreme Court

  30. Desegregating the Schools • Eisenhower’s silence on Brown sent a false message that he supported segregation • In 1957, Arkansas governor called the Nat’l Guard to prevent black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High • Ike sent in the army to force integration for the “Little Rock 9”

  31. Integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)

  32. The Beginnings of Black Activism • Instead of waiting for the gov’t to help, blacks pressed the issue • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) began after the Rosa Parks arrest • Effective carpool system forced buses to stop segregation • Supreme Court ruled AL bus segregation unconstitutional • This success led to the rise of MLK as a civil rights leader

  33. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) • Rosa Parks arrest • Carpool system

  34. The Beginnings of Black Activism “If cursed, do not curse back. If struck, do not strike back, but evidence love and goodwill at all times” “We will match your capacity to endure suffering. We will meet your physical force with soul force. We will not hate you, but we will not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down by pure capacity to suffer.” • MLK’s popularity led to the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to directly attack segregation: • MLK’s passionate oration inspired blacks to support cause • Peaceful resistance & appeal to Christian love were the basis of these resistance efforts

  35. The Beginnings of Black Activism • In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC: • Inspired similar sit-ins, wade-ins, & kneel-ins across the South • Led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • SCLC & SNCC soon surpassed the NAACP for leadership of the civil rights movement Nonviolent Protest Legal Action Nonviolent Protest

  36. 1960 Greensboro Sit-in • 1960 Sit-ins in Greensboro, NC to protest segregation in public facilities • Example of non-violent civil disobedience • Civil Rights movement gains momentum in the 1960s

  37. Moving Slowly on Civil Rights • Civil Rights leaders refused to wait for the gov’t to respond: • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) led a freedom ride in 1961 to protest segregated buses • Activists attempted to break a ban on black enrollment at Ole Miss & University of Alabama

  38. Freedom Rides, 1961

  39. University of Alabama students burn desegregation notice Alabama Governor George Wallace blocks black students’ entrance into University of Alabama

  40. Moving Slowly on Civil Rights In 1963, a regional field secretary for the NAACP named Medger Edvars was murdered In 1963, Birmingham’s Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was bombed, killing 4 black girls • JFK campaigned for civil rights, but his fear of alienating southern Democrats forced him to retreat: • JFK deferred to Congress & sent his brother, Attorney Gen RFK, to help blacks in the South • The Justice Dept helped with voting rights lawsuits, but the FBI could not protect civil rights activists in the South In 1963, 35 black homes & churches were firebombed & 20,000 people were arrested during civil rights protests

  41. Birmingham Marches, 1963 • MLK forced JFK to openly support the plight of African-Americans in 1963, via the Birmingham march • Police commissioner “Bull” Conner used brutal force to end the protests & MLK was jailed • Police brutality helped sway public sentiment & allowed JFK to begin civil rights legislation

  42. Violence in Birmingham, 1963 TV reports of the violence in Birmingham made it difficult for average Americans to ignore the plight of African Americans Public outrage over police brutality forced Birmingham officials to end segregation

  43. The Impact of Birmingham • The Birmingham march was a turning point in the Civil Rights movement: • The violence used by police revealed the need for gov’t action • TV broadcasted the events to a national audience

  44. The Impact of Birmingham, 1963 Among those watching the violence on TV was President John F Kennedy who committed to a national civil rights act to end discrimination

  45. March on Washington, 1963 • In 1963, civil rights leaders led a March on Washington to pressure Congress to pass a civil rights bill • 250,000 people assembled in Washington DC to hear speakers including MLK

  46. “I Have a Dream” Speech, 1963 MLK delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech about a future without prejudice or racialsegregation

  47. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • By 1963, the momentum of the civil rights movement caused President Kennedy to draft a civil rights bill that would outlaw all segregation: • In November 1963, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas • VP Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency & pushed the bill through Congress

  48. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • New president Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • The law outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, & gender & ended most Jim Crow laws • The law integrated restaurants & hotels & gave the Justice Dept power to sue businesses that failed to comply with the law

  49. The Need for Voting Rights In Alabama, voters had to provide written answers to a 20-page test on the Constitution & state gov’t • Despite the success of the Civil Rights Act, African American leaders were not satisfied because the law did not protect voting rights • Southern state governments used literacy tests & poll taxes to restrict black citizens from voting • InmostSouthernstates,less than half of eligible African Americans were registered to vote

  50. Freedom Summer, 1964 Freedom Summer volunteers faced resistance; 3 were murdered by KKK & local police • Civil rights leaders responded with new initiatives to bring voting rights • In1964,white&blackcollegestudents took part in Freedom Summer to help register African American voters in Mississippi

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