Period 4: c. 1450 – 1750

1. Period 4: c. 1450 – 1750

2. ? What’s the single most momentous event of this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world?

3. ! What’s the single most momentous event of this time period – an event that truly changed the course of history all over the world? The arrival of Europeans in the Americas

4. Europe Over roughly the century following the Black Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon?

5. Europe Over roughly the century following the Black Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved increasingly to the cities and Europe began to take advantage of its newfound reengagement with the wider world, developing a rising middle class. What’s the name of the “rebirth” in the arts and learning that dovetailed with this European phenomenon? The Renaissance (c. 1300s-1600)

6. Europe As Europeans became reacquainted with the texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual?

7. Europe As Europeans became reacquainted with the texts of classical Greece and Rome – which had been preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle Ages – they were reawakened to the idea that life could be focused not so much on preparing for the afterlife but for celebrating individual human accomplishment in the here and now. What’s the name for this focus on the individual? Humanism

8. Europe The intellectual revolution that was the Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade?

9. Europe The intellectual revolution that was the Renaissance began in the large city-states in the northern regions of what country, which had grown far more urban than most other parts of Europe as a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to trade? Italy

10. Europe Why was the Medici family of Florence famous?

11. Europe Why was the Medici family of Florence famous? They turned their city into a showcase of art and architecture by being patrons for some of the greatest artists of all time, such as Michelangelo.

12. Europe In contrast to the flat works of medieval artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages?

13. Europe In contrast to the flat works of medieval artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and create more realistic, worldly renderings of its human subjects. What other major difference distinguished Renaissance art from that of the Middle Ages? Medieval art was almost always focused on religion and found in cathedrals, whereas Renaissance art was both religious and secular, and could be found in public places and the private homes of patrons.

14. Europe Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)?

15. Europe Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even though printing processes were developed earlier in China during the Song dynasty)? Johannes Gutenberg

16. Europe Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium?

17. Europe Why is Gutenberg’s printing press seen by many scholars as the most important invention of the last millennium? It made books easier to produce and far more affordable … which led to greatly increased literacy rates. It also fundamentally underlay the exchange of ideas that accompanied the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, which found its ultimate political expression in the spread of democracy.

18. Europe What other major event of the 16th century did the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther?

19. Europe What other major event of the 16th century did the printing press play an enabling role in – an event launched by a German monk named Martin Luther? The Protestant Reformation, because now people could read the Bible for themselves in their own vernacular, or native language, rather than rely on Church officials for interpretation.

20. Europe What was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic Church?

21. Europe What was Martin Luther’s beef with the Catholic Church? He took issue with the selling of indulgences (which supposedly reduced your time in purgatory and implied you could buy your way into heaven), thought church services should be conducted in local languages instead of Latin, and claimed salvation was given by God through grace directly to individuals – not through good works and the authorization of the Catholic Church.

22. Europe Another major figure responsible for the spread of Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he?

23. Europe Another major figure responsible for the spread of Protestantism was a man who preached an ideology of predestination – that God had predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people, only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved. Who was he? John Calvin, whose Calvinism influenced John Knox in Scotland and the minority Huguenots in largely Catholic France.

24. Europe Who declared himself the head of the Church of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?

25. Europe Who declared himself the head of the Church of England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church? King Henry VIII, who renounced the Catholic Church in Rome after the pope refused to grant him a marriage annulment (he wanted to leave his wife, Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give him a son to be heir to the throne).

26. Scientific Revolution Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?

27. Scientific Revolution Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century? He published a book that showed scientifically how the model of the universe that the Church supported – the Ptolemaic theory that the Earth was the center of the universe – was incorrect.

28. Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution further eroded the power of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?

29. Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution further eroded the power of the Church as many intellectuals came to see its views as incompatible with the natural world they were now more fully understanding. Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know what an atheist is, but what is a Deist? A Deist believes that God exists but doesn’t answer prayers … that God created the universe but lets it run by its own natural laws without divine intervention.

30. Scientific Revolution Advances in thinking associated with the Scientific Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States?

31. Scientific Revolution Advances in thinking associated with the Scientific Revolution spilled over into the realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in what major development of the 17th and 18th centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by “divine right” and profoundly influenced the Founders of the United States? The Enlightenment

32. Enlightenment What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?

33. Enlightenment What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly associated with each of the following: John Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu? Locke = all men born equal, entitled to unalienable rights (life, liberty, property) Voltaire = freedom of speech and religion Montesquieu = separation of powers among branches of government

34. Enlightenment Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power?

35. Enlightenment Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were examples of what type of leaders who tried to partially embrace the age’s philosophical ideas about tolerance and greater personal liberty while still ruling with absolute power? Enlightened Monarchs (or Enlightened Despots)

36. Exploration What triggered the Age of Exploration?

37. Exploration What triggered the Age of Exploration? Improvements in sailing technology enabled it, but the real impetus was the European desire to find direct trade routes to the East that bypassed the Muslim and Italian middlemen, from whom many items had to be purchased.

38. Exploration Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

39. Exploration Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? A Portuguese royal who encouraged his country’s early lead in exploration. Because of its close proximity to Africa, Portugal had close trade ties with Muslim nations and was the first European power to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean (thanks to Vasco de Gama and his crew).

40. Exploration After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes?

41. Exploration After Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, Spain and Portugal began quarreling over land claims … and how they settled their dispute explains why Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of Spanish. What settled the disputes? The Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a longitudinal line in the Western Atlantic Ocean: Spain got land to the west of the line, while Portugal got dibs on land to the east.

42. Americas Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century?

43. Americas Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the early 16th century? The Aztecs

44. Americas What Spanish conquistador conquered the even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army?

45. Americas What Spanish conquistador conquered the even larger Inca Empire in South America with an even smaller army? Francisco Pizarro

46. Americas Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas?

47. Americas Why were Cortes and Pizarro – and later Europeans, for that matter – able to conquer the indigenous people of the Americas? They had superior technology (including ships and guns), horses and diseases to which the Amerindians were not immune.

48. Americas Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90 percent of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade?

49. Americas Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 90 percent of the indigenous population in the Americas following the Europeans’ arrival. How did that lead to the African slave trade? When Europeans recognized the land as ideal for cash-crop plantations (especially for sugar in the Caribbean and Brazil), they needed a great deal of labor to plant and harvest … so they turned to Africa.

50. American Feudalism What labor system in the Americas, used by the Spaniards to build their colonial empire, was in many ways similar to European serfdom?