Helping advanced students increase their vocabulary store

1. Helping advanced students increase their vocabulary store Roy Norris

2. “We now recognise that much of our ‘vocabulary’ consists of prefabricated chunks of different kinds. The single most important kind of chunk is collocation. If native speakers store large amounts of language in chunks, what strategies should language teachers adopt if they are to help learners build mental lexicons which are similarly phrasal?” Michael Lewis Teaching collocation

3. A Bottom-up approach B Top-down approach

4. Affixation: nouns Form abstract nouns from the following words. 1 achieve achievement . 2 survive ___________________ 3 please ___________________ 4 aware ___________________ 5 offend ___________________ 6 urgent ___________________ 7 satisfy ___________________ 8 responsible ___________________ 9 adapt ___________________ 10 accurate ___________________

5. Affixation: nouns Form abstract nouns from the following words. 1 achieve achievement . 2 survive survival . 3 please (dis)pleasure . 4 aware (un)awareness . 5 offend offence . 6 urgent urgency . 7 satisfy (dis)satisfaction . 8 responsible (ir)responsibility . 9 adapt adaptation . 10 accurate (in)accuracy .

6. Affixation: nouns Complete each gap with the correct noun form of the word in capitals. 1 He ran the marathon in 2 hours 20 minutes. What an _____ ! ACHIEVE 2 I was amazed at her _____. She went 20 days without food. SURVIVE 3 I enjoyed the funfair. I had a lot of _____there. PLEASE 4 I didn’t know she was pregnant. I had no _____ of that. AWARE

7. Affixation: nouns Complete each gap with the correct noun form of a word from the box. You may need to use a negative or plural form of the noun. accurate aware responsible urgent achieve adapt offend please satisfy survive 1 It was a remarkable _______ , and the record stood for many years. 2 Rainforest destruction is threatening the_______ of many endangered species. 3 It gives me great _______ to announce the winner of this prestigious award. 4 The campaign is intended to raise _______ of a number of environmental issues.

8. accurate aware responsibleurgent achieve adaptoffendplease satisfy survive 5 The law makes it a criminal _______ to publish insulting remarks about the President. 6 Food and medical aid are to be sent to the affected area as a matter of _______. 7 I am writing to express my _______ with the poor service I received recently at your bank. 8 The successful applicant will be required to carry out a wide range of _______. 9 Gregory Peck starred in the film _______ of Harper Lee’s novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’. 10 Part of the editor’s job is to correct any factual ______ which appear in the manuscript.

9. Hits on Google Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 859.000 de "remarkable achievement". Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 69.600 de "threatening the survival of".   Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 539.000 de "gives me great pleasure to ".   Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 5.020 de "correct factual inaccuracies". Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 10.500 de "makes it a criminal offence to".

10. Adjective collocates of offence criminal arrestable indictable serious bookable aggravated sexual alleged motoring lesser minor non-fatal firearm terrorist drink-driving imprisonable punishable driving drug further suspected trivial

11. Affixation: nouns Complete each gap with the correct noun form of the word in capitals. 1 He ran the marathon in 2 hours 20 minutes. What an _____ ! ACHIEVE 2 I was amazed at her _____. She went 20 days without food. SURVIVE 3 I enjoyed the funfair. I had a lot of _____there. PLEASE 4 I didn’t know she was pregnant. I had no _____ of that. AWARE

12. Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 586 de "had a lot of pleasure". I’ve had a lot of pleasureworking with Ottawa immigrants. I had a lot of pleasure, reading this book. I had a lot of pleasurein being successful. I’ve had a lot of pleasurebeing involved.

13. Student vocabulary record Noun affixation a remarkable achievement threaten the survival of endangered species It gives me great pleasure to announce raise awareness of a number of issues The law makes it a criminal offence to send medical supplies as a matter of urgency I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with carry out a wide range of responsibilities the film adaptation of a book correct factual inaccuracies

14. Exercise design The sentences should be: • Authentic • Meaningful • Informative The language in them should be: • Recordable • Memorable • Reusable

15. Adjective affixes

16. Adjective affixes • an imaginary friend • an unforgettable experience • potentially harmful side-effects • feel powerless to do anything about it • found a receptive audience among • a totally unexpected outcome • an infectious laugh • an introductory paragraph • facial expressions • the rising cost of

17. Adjective affixes Hits on Google Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 993.000 de "imaginary friend". Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 1.150.000 de "unforgettable experience". Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 42.200de "potentially harmful side effects". Resultados 1 - 10 de aproximadamente 94.000 de "powerless to do anything about".

18. Three-part phrasal verbs

19. Three-part phrasal verbs Match the phrasal verbs with the definitions come in for sign up for go in for come up against crack down on put up with put down to • enter a competition • start dealing with sbdy or sthg more strictly • attribute to • join a course or organization • receive criticism, blame or unpleasant comments • have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant • accept unpleasant behaviour or an annoying situation without complaining even though you do not like it Source: Macmillan Phrasal Verbs Plus

20. Three-part phrasal verbs 1 Not surprisingly, the government has come in for criticism over its handling of the crisis. 2 No more tinned food – I’m going to sign up for a cookery course! 3 When I was about eleven or twelve I went in for a competitionand won a trip to Paris. 4 Their plans to build a house in Spain came up against a few problemsand they had to abandon the idea.

21. Three-part phrasal verbs 5 The new legislation is designed to crack down on juvenile crimeand delinquency. 6 They had to move – they just couldn’t put up with the constant noiseof the motorway. 7 It really is so expensive – they’re getting away with daylight robbery! 8 A self-made man, Relf putshis successdown to hard workand persistence.

22. Adjectives formed with particles

23. Adjectives formed with particles • an uphill struggle • out-of-town superstores • an out-of-the-way place • indoor or outdoor activities • an outspoken critic • a sit-down meal • an off-the-peg suit • online banking services

24. overnight Google “an overnight” success sensation stay visit trip train Macmillan English Dictionary [only before noun] 1 working, travelling or happening during the night: an overnight stay: the overnight train/flight/ferry [my bold] 2 happening after a very short time: an overnight success Oxford Collocations Dictionary No entry for overnight, though it does appear as a collocate of success and others. www.sketchengine.co.uk stay 40 accommodation 38 bag 35 stop 19 rain 20 train 11 success 13 lead 8 (golf)

25. uphill Google Uphill on its own does not yield very much. With the verb ‘to be’ however, we get the information we are looking for. Here are the four most frequent collocates. “is an uphill” struggle battle task climb Macmillan English Dictionary 1 towards the top of the slope or a hill: a steep uphill climb 2 difficult to do or achieve: uphill battle/struggle/task etc The Opposition face an uphill struggle to win back voters. Oxford Collocations Dictionary No entry for uphill, though it does appear as a collocate of battle, struggle etc www.sketchengine.co.uk struggle 58 battle 24 task 25 slope 7 work 7

26. Vocabulary records Students should develop an efficient personal system for recording the new vocabulary they learn. They should record as much detail as possible, including information about complementation and collocations of the words learned. CAE Handbook

27. Vocabulary records uphill adj /phonemes/ [stress on first syllable] [translation] Example from exercise: Is learning an uphillstruggle for you or a relatively easy task? 1 towards the top of the slope or a hill: a steep uphill climb 2 difficult to do or achieve: The Opposition face an uphill struggle to win back voters. + noun: struggle battle task climb adv /phonemes/ [stress on second syllable] The road leads uphill towards the church.

28. Alternative ways to express meaning

29. CAE Speaking Part 3 Talk to each other about why these skills might be important in our lives, and then decide which three you consider to be the most important to teach young people. Talk to each other about how useful the technology is to these people, and then decide which piece of technology might have the greatest impact on their lives. Talk to each other about what you might read in each chapter of the book, and then decide which two chapters would be the most interesting.

31. Paraphrasing • I cried • I nearly cried • I laughed • I got angry • It surprised me • It frightened me • It made me happy • It depressed me

32. CAE Transformations I nearly cried when I heard the news. close I ______________ when I heard the news. The arrival of spring makes me feel happy and want to sing. puts The arrival of spring _________________ and makes me want to sing.

33. Paraphrasing: adapting coursebook exercises Comparisons 1 The most irritating thing in the worldis having to wait for someone who’s late. 2 The food in my country is very different from that in the rest of the world. 3 The political parties in my country are all very similar to each other. • ……. 5 My country’s national football team is just as good as most others. 6 Our English teacher looks remarkably similar to a famous TV personality.

34. Paraphrasing: adapting coursebook exercises Student record There’s nothing more irritatingthan having to wait for someone who’s late. = The most irritating thing in the worldis having to wait for someone who’s late.

35. B Top-down approach

36. Paraphrasing: using a coursebook text 7 we shared an enthusiasm for we were both keen on 8 developing a fresh set of social networks making new friends

37. Preparing for the Use of English Papers Students need a thorough grounding in the grammatical system of English and a good knowledge of vocabulary, appropriate to the level. As well as studying these things overtly in particular ‘language input’ lessons in the classroom, students will benefit from an integrated course in which skills work plays an important part. In particular, students need to read as much as possible to maximise exposure to a wide range of vocabulary in different contexts, and to acquire a feel for the grammar of the language, enabling them to see how structure and form can be manipulated accurately. Bulletin 8 Use of English Cambridge ESOL

38. Noticing vocabulary For the first time in my life I have been dumped by a friend. I should have seen it coming: the phone calls not returned, the excuses about “not feeling very sociable right now”, the e-mails that languished unreplied in the ether. Yet the letter suggesting that the time had come for us to move on still came as a shock. It didn’t seem to fit in with our modern ideal of friendship. As growing numbers of us live alone, friends are becoming more important. They are our families of choice, we’re told, taking on the roles of parent, spouse, sibling — and best friend.

39. Noticing vocabulary For the first time in my life I have been dumped by a friend. I should have seen it coming: the phone calls not returned, the excuses about “not feeling very sociable right now”, the e-mails that languished unreplied in the ether. Yet the letter suggesting that the time had come for us to move on still came as a shock. It didn’t seem to fit in with our modern ideal of friendship. As growing numbers of us live alone, friends are becoming more important. They are our families of choice, we’re told, taking on the roles ofparent, spouse, sibling — and best friend.

40. Noticing vocabulary For the first time in my life I have been dumped by a friend. I should have seen it coming: the phone callsnotreturned, the excuses about “not feeling very sociable right now”, the e-mails that languished unreplied in the ether. Yet the letter suggesting that thetimehad come for us to move on still came as ashock. It didn’t seem to fit in with our modern ideal of friendship. As growingnumbersof uslive alone, friends are becoming more important. They are our families of choice, we’re told, taking on therolesof parent, spouse, sibling — and best friend.

41. Vocabulary record End of a Friendship (Straightforward p81) return a phone call: = devolver una llamada “I should have seen it coming: the phone calls not returned, the excuses about not feeling very sociable right now …” “the time had come for us to move on” = It was time for us to make a change (in our lives) “the letter came as a shock” = the letter gave me an unpleasant surprise “growing numbers of us live alone” = more and more of us live alone

42. Noticing vocabulary • Nouns: then associated verbs & adjectives etc • Each student decides which vocabulary he or she wants to record. • Where possible, students should record language in the form in which they find it. • 6 to 8 items per text is probably enough. • Familiar words in unfamiliar surroundings

43. Noticing vocabulary For the first time in my life I have been dumped by a friend. I should have seen it coming: the phone callsnotreturned, the excuses about “not feeling very sociable right now”, the e-mails that languished unreplied in the ether. Yet the letter suggesting that thetimehad come for us to move on still came as ashock. It didn’t seem to fit in with our modern ideal of friendship. As growingnumbersof uslive alone, friends are becoming more important. They are our families of choice, we’re told, taking on therolesof parent, spouse, sibling — and best friend.

44. The Fast Track to Burnout Lily Tan left university with an MBA distinction and was quickly snapped up by a major retail chain. In just five years she achieved a senior management position and after receiving news of the promotion she was elated. ‘I rang round just about everyone I could think of,’ she laughs. ‘But the next day I felt nothing. I had no inclination to get out of bed and face the constant pressure.’ Despite her sudden disillusionment, she continued to persevere and was the brains behind a new strategy. ‘Everyone seemed to be in favour of it at the planning stage,’ she says. But during the implementation stage, unforeseen problems arose and eventually the strategy was abandoned. Lily’s next performance appraisal gave her a really low rating, which she found devastating. The whole experience was quite traumatizing and I was too emotionally immature to deal with it.’ It wasn’t long before Lily left and set up her own recruitment company, which is now flourishing. She still regrets her discovery that there is no such thing as team spirit when one of the members makes a mistake.

45. The Fast Track to Burnout Lily Tan left university with an MBA distinction and was quickly snapped up by a major retail chain. In just five years she achieved a senior managementposition and after receiving news of the promotion she was elated. ‘I rang round just about everyone I could think of,’ she laughs. ‘But the next day I felt nothing. I had noinclinationto get out of bed and face the constantpressure.’ Despite her sudden disillusionment, she continued to persevere and was thebrainsbehind a new strategy. ‘Everyone seemed to be in favour of it at the planningstage,’ she says. But during the implementation stage, unforeseen problems arose and eventually the strategy was abandoned. Lily’s next performance appraisal gave her a really low rating, which she found devastating. The whole experience was quite traumatizing and I was too emotionally immature to deal with it.’ It wasn’t long before Lily left and set up her own recruitment company, which is now flourishing. She still regrets her discovery that there is no such thing as team spirit when one of the members makes a mistake.

46. The Fast Track to Burnout Lily Tan left university with an MBA distinction and was quicklysnapped up by a major retailchain. In just five years she achieved a senior management position and after receivingnewsof the promotion she was elated. ‘I rang round just about everyone I could think of,’ she laughs. ‘But the next day I felt nothing. I had no inclination toget out of bed and face the constant pressure.’ Despite her sudden disillusionment, she continued to persevere and was the brains behind a new strategy. ‘Everyone seemed to be in favour of it at the planning stage,’ she says. But during the implementation stage, unforeseenproblemsarose and eventually the strategy was abandoned. Lily’s next performanceappraisal gave her a really lowrating, which she found devastating. The whole experience was quite traumatizing and I was too emotionally immature to deal with it.’ It wasn’t long before Lily left and set up her own recruitmentcompany, which is now flourishing. She still regrets her discovery that there is no suchthingasteamspirit when one of the members makes amistake.

47. Reading programme Extract from (new) CAE Handbook p. 9 Reading It is helpful to introduce a programme of reading at home. As part of the weekly homework assignments, an idea might be to introduce a reading scheme which involves the students in providing verbal or written reviews on the texts they have read. These could include: unabridged short stories or novels, newspaper and magazine articles, leaflets, non-fiction etc. Where possible, your students should be encouraged to follow up on their hobbies and interests by reading magazines or looking on the internet for articles in English about sport, computers, fashion etc. Research in these areas could also lead to a series of short class talks or articles for a class project. A class or school magazine may also encourage interest in reading.

48. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/russia • Reopening of Bolshoi theatre put back to 2011 • My face-to-face encounter with the 'drunk' Aeroflot pilot • Concert raises questions about Putin's alleged love for Abba • It's -24C in Russia – but life goes on • Putin painting fetches £750,000 in charity auction • Who are the Russians in 'Londonograd'? • Nasa alert as Russian and US satellites crash in space

49. Activities & texts taken from:

50. Really Useful Words Some nouns do not have much meaning, so they nearly always have an adjective with them. In some ways they are more like part of the grammar of English than its vocabulary. If you want to use nouns like this naturally, you need to know lots of adjective collocates. Almost any noun headword which has a very long entry in a collocation dictionary is suitable for this activity, such as: