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Respiration

Respiration. Chapter 42. Respiration. Gas exchange Movement of gas across membrane Diffusion (passive) To improve gas absorption Increase surface area for diffusion Decrease distance diffused gas travels Respiratory organs. Fish. Amphibians. Lungs Cutaneous respiration. Amphibians.

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration Chapter 42

  2. Respiration • Gas exchange • Movement of gas across membrane • Diffusion (passive) • To improve gas absorption • Increase surface area for diffusion • Decrease distance diffused gas travels • Respiratory organs

  3. Fish

  4. Amphibians • Lungs • Cutaneous respiration

  5. Amphibians

  6. Birds • Parabronchi (lungs) • Air sacs

  7. Fig. 42-26 Air Air Anterior air sacs Trachea Posterior air sacs Lungs Lungs Air tubes (parabronchi) in lung 1 mm EXHALATION Air sacs empty; lungs fill INHALATION Air sacs fill

  8. Anatomy • Mouth (nose) • Pharynx (back of throat) • Larynx (voice box) • Trachea

  9. Anatomy

  10. Anatomy

  11. Anatomy • Bronchi (Bronchus) • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Air sacs • Gas exchange • One cell layer thick • Lung tissue consists of millions

  12. Anatomy

  13. Anatomy

  14. Anatomy • Lungs • 3 right lobes • RUL, RML, RLL • 2 left lobes • LUL, LLL

  15. Anatomy

  16. Anatomy

  17. Anatomy • Lung covered by a double folded membrane • Visceral pleural membrane: • Covers the lung • Parietal pleural membrane: • Lines inner wall of thoracic cavity

  18. Anatomy • Pleural cavity: • Space between two membranes • Filled with fluid • Helps with movement of lungs

  19. Breathing • Diaphragm • Muscle • Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity • Intercostal muscles • Muscles between the ribs

  20. Inhalation (inspiration) • Diaphragm contracts & flattens • Intercostal muscles contract • Raises the ribs • Increases volume (decreases pressure) • Air flows into the lungs

  21. Exhalation (expiration) • Diaphragm relaxes & elevates • Intercostal muscles relax • Ribs lower • Decreased volume • Forces air out

  22. Breathing

  23. Breathing measurements • Tidal volume • Amount of air moved into & out of lungs at rest • Vital capacity • Maximum amount of air that can be expired after forceful exhalation

  24. Breathing measurements

  25. Control of breathing • Normal breathing • Medulla oblongata • Respiratory control center • Neurons send impulse for muscles (diaphragm/intercostal) to contract • Inspiration (inhalation) • Stop sending impulse • Expiration (exhalation)

  26. Control of breathing • Blood O2 & CO2 in normal range • Neurons respond to a change in O2 & CO2 • More response to CO2 • Increase CO2 • Increases carbonic acid (H2CO3) • CO2 +H2O⇆H2CO3 ⇆H+HCO3 • Lowers pH

  27. Control of breathing • Stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors • Aorta & carotids • Send impulses to respiratory control center (medulla oblongata) • Stimulates increased breathing

  28. Control of breathing • Central chemoreceptors • Located in brain • Respond to increased amount of CO2 • Peripheral receptors immediate response • Central receptors maintained response until pH is back to normal

  29. Transport of gas • Hemoglobin • Contains four heme groups • Center of each heme group is an iron • Oxygen binds the iron (4 O2 molecules) • Oxygen in blood is mostly bound to Hgb • Little is dissolved plasma

  30. Transport of gas

  31. Transport of gas • Oxyhemoglobin • Hemoglobin full of oxygen • Lungs • Deoxyhemoglobin • Hemoglobin releases some oxygen • Capillaries

  32. Transport of gas E:\Chapter_42\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\42_Lecture_Presentation\42_30CO2TissuesToBlood_A.html E:\Chapter_42\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\42_Lecture_Presentation\42_30CO2BloodToLungs_A.html E:\Chapter_42\A_PowerPoint_Lectures\42_Lecture_Presentation\42_30O2LungsToBlood_A.html

  33. Transport of gas • Blood that leaves lungs 97% saturated • Circulates oxygen diffuses into tissues • 75% saturated • Allows for reserves of oxygen • Exercise • Cardiac arrest

  34. Transport of gas • Decreased pH • Lower affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin • Releases oxygen • Increased temperature • Lower affinity • Exercise • Increased CO2, decreased pH, increased temperature • Increased release of O2 to muscles

  35. Transport of gas • CO2 • In tissues • Small amount bound to protein part of Hgb • Remaining CO2 in RBC • Forms carbonic acid H2CO3 • Carbonic anhydrase

  36. Transport of gas • Carbonic acid separates • Bicarbonate (HCO3-1) & H+1 • Buffer • Blood at alveoli • Carbonic anhydrase reverses • Forms water & CO2 • CO2 diffuses into lungs

  37. Abnormalities • Emphysema • Lung disease that destroys alveoli sacs • Decreases vital capacity • Traps air • Hypoventilation • Decreased air movement increased CO2 • Hyperventilation • Increased air movement decreased CO2

  38. Emphysema

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