Chapter 23: State Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

1. Chapter 23: State Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

2. Independence in Latin America • Roots of Revolution • Enlightenment, Am Rev, Fr Rev, Napoleon, Congress of Vienna (1814-5) • Junta – political/military group ruling a country after taking it over • Spanish South America • Revolutions begin – Creole junta declare Venezuela independent • Simon Bolivar – the (northern) liberator general • Influenced by Enlightenment, Am Rev, Fr Rev • San Martin (southern) liberator general • Eventually turns army over to Bolivar • Bolivar defeats Spanish at battle of Ayacucho 1824, freeing all of Spanish South America • Independence of Argentina • Junta (1810), United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (1816)

3. *Rio de la Plata and Bolivar’s United Gran Columbia both undone by local ldrs/groups unwilling to cooperate as well as geography • Mexico, (1810 – 1823) – Spain's wealthiest and most populous colony • Hidalgo and Morelos – 2 priests, 2 firing squads (1811, 1815) • Would be plagued by violence and unstable govt; which continue to today • Brazil • Pedro I and Brazilian Independence – constitutional monarchy (1822) • Bloodless Rev

4. Constitutional Experiments • Canadian Government – Confederation of 1867; self-govt as part of British Empire • Creating Latin American Nations – Catholic church & military played • a great role in politics; and wielded tremendous influence • Military Strongmen (dictators) = Caudillos • Paez (Venezuela) • One of the strongest opponents of Gran Columbia • Dictatorship = experienced in every Latin American nation • The threat of regionalism – disputes & civil wars determine boundaries • Andrew Jackson – Jacksonian democracy, ignored Marshall’s ruling, “common man”

5. XYZ Affair – Psuedo war with France • War with Britain • War of 1812 – US vs. English over maritime rights • Impressment? • Battle of New Orleans • , Amerindians, Canada Barbary Pirates (Marine Corp Hymn), 1801-1805 • Spanish-American war 1898-9 • San Juan Hill (Rough Riders) • US gains Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam (also annexes Hawaii, • Cuba comes under American influence)

6. Threats to Mexican Sovereignty • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (creole) – wins at Alamo • Sam Houston – “Remember the Alamo” (San Jacinto) • Mexican-American War (1845) – Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California • Benito Juarez (Zapotec Indian) La Reforma (land redistribution) – book end president • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/495412/La-Reforma • Napoleon establishes Austrian Hapsburg Emperor Don Maximilian I • Cinco de Mayo- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482737/Battle-of-Puebla • Wars among American Nations – South American borders determined

7. Native peoples and the Nation-state • The US and Native Peoples • Settlers entered areas previously forbidden by British treaties • Tecumseh – Shawnee allied with British in War of 1812 • Indian Removal Act of 1830 – “Trail of Tears” to Oklahoma • Battle of Little Bighorn – Custer’s last stand • Defeat of the Amerindians of Argentina & Chile • Wild cattle had helped Indians • Caste War – Mayans vs. Mexico

8. The Challenge of social and economic change • Abolition of slavery – struggle between economic demand and civil rights • Abolition in the US • Frederick Douglass • Newly formed Republican Party brought issue to a head • Lincoln elected in 1860

9. 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation – freeing confederate slaves 1865 – 13th Amendment – abolished slavery Jim Crow laws = segregation Abolition in Brazil – war with Paraguay, slaves exchanged service for freedom Abolition in the Caribbean – Cuba & Puerto Rico final holdouts (1886)

10. Immigration • European Immigration – initially western, then shift to South/East • Asian Immigration – increased after 1850 • Anti-Immigrant Movements brought on by nativists • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Canadian head tax • Jews escaping pogroms met with restrictions in new world • Assimilation through public education • American Cultures – acculturation • The Immigrant legacy – abandon home language, change of diet, political beliefs

11. Women’s rights and the struggle for social justice – Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention • Access to education and the professions – Canadian female doctors educated in US • The search for Racial Justice – segregation • Development and underdevelopment – western hemisphere got richer • The role of technology – governments cede land to encourage investments, exports

12. Rich & poor nations • Development • Democracies • Highly educated masses • Industrialization and prosperity • Underdevelopment • Caudillos • Poorly educated masses • Exporting raw materials on low wages • Altered environments – ranchers, abandonment of • crop rotation, urbanization, mining