Health Impacts of Fine Particles in Ambient Air of Beijing Tong Zhu, Jie Ding, Ming Hu, Yun Wang

1. Health Impacts of Fine Particles in Ambient AirofBeijing Tong Zhu, Jie Ding, Ming Hu, Yun Wang School of Environmental Sciences, Peking University Zongchan Zhou, Xinbiao Guo, Xiaochuan Pan School of Public Health, Peking University Supported by Biomed-X center, Peking University

2. 1999 The Merge of Peking University Beijing Medical University Peking University Priority: Environment and Health 2000 Biomed-X Center Project: Health Impact of Fine Particles in Beijing Ambient Air

3. College(Center) for Environmental Sciences Environmental Chemistry (Aerosol) Environmental Management Environmental Economics School for Public Health Toxicology Epidemiology Cancer Research Institute Genetic Study Carcinogenic Study

4. Source Concentration Exposure Dose Effects Health Risk Assessment Health Risk Management

5. Objective: Using toxicological and epidemiological methods: to study the toxic and carcinogenic effects of fine particles in Beijing ambient air to establish dose-response relationship Based on the sources, physical characters, chemical compositions, and exposure level: to asses the health risk of fine particles in Beijing ambient air to provide scientific data for the pollution control policy.

6. Questions addressed:   Sources, physical characteristics, chemical components Toxic and carcinogenic effects Health effects vs physical characteristics chemical components Exposure level Synergic effects: with O3, SO2, CO, NOx, VOC Low concentration and long term exposure Dose-response relationship Health risk assessment Health risk and economic cost Control policy

7. Questions: 1. Mass or number concentrations？ 2. Physical or chemical, or both？ 3. Carcinogenic 4. Synergetic effects 5. Ultrafine particles

8. Epidemiological Study Mortality acute effects chronic effects Morbidity Hospital admission and emergency department visits for respiratory diseases Hospital admission for cardiovascular diseases Lung function and respiratory symptoms Long-term PM exposure and respiratory symptoms Studies on individual cardiovascular outcomes  Toxicological Study Cytotoxicity- and genotoxicity Inflammation Cell damage mechanism: oxidation Biomarker Lung cancer

9. 1．Analyzing chemical compounds in fine particles of Beijing ambient air 2001.3 PM2.5 2002.3 PM2.5 (during dust storm) 2002.7, 2002.10, 2003.1 PM2.5 Shape Elements Ion PAHs

10. Mass concentration of PM2.5, 2002-2003, Beijing

11. Using SEM-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray analysis system)的HITACHI S-2700 Shape and element composition of fine particles

12. Fraction of particles containing certain elements during dust storm season, 2002, Beijing

13. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of particles PM2.5 March 20, 2002 Element concentrations of particle surface O1s Si2p Al2p Fe2p3/2 Ca2p3/2 Na1s K2p3/2 N1s (1) N1s (2) S2p BE (eV) 531.7 102.8 74.5 712.0 347.4 1071. 8 293.4 400.6 407.5 168.9 Atomic% 69.4 14.6 5.6 3.4 2.0 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.5 2.0

14. Ion concentrations of PM2.5, March 2002

15. ΣPAHs in PM2.5、PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing

16. BaP in PM2.5、PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing National Standard of BaP: 10ng/m3

17. 2. Preliminary study on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fine particles in Beijing 2001.3、2001.12 Organic and Inorganic extracts of PM10 and PM2.5 Cytotoxicity ofBalb/c 3T3 (MTT) Genotoxicity of Balb/c 3T3 micronucleus formation DNA strand breaks Intra-cell communication 2002.3 PM10 and PM2.5 during dust stormseason Inflammation response of alveolar macrophages

18. Cytotoxicity of PM10 EOC on Balb/c 3T3 Cell Cytotoxicity of PM2.5 EOC on Balb/c 3T3 Cell

19. Impact of PM EOC on Balb/c 3T3 micronucleus formation cytochalasin B-blocked method 正常双核细胞 1 micronucleus 2 micronucleus 3 micronucleus PM2.5 PM10

20. Impacts of PM25 PM10 EOC on DNA strand breaks of Balb/c 3T single cell electrophoresis assay increased the frequency of comet cells and distances of migration of nuclear DNA

22. Alveolar Macrophagesafter treated with dust particles Alveolar Macrophages

23. PM10（μg/ml) OD Vitality of cell（%） Cytotoxicity of PM10 dust particle to alveolar macrophages（MTT） 0 0.26±0.033 100 50 0.252±0.034 97 100 0.239±0.033 92 150 0.229±0.033 88 200 0.2115±0.029 81 300 0.161 68 300μg/ml组细胞存活率明显降低（<80%），说明颗粒物在 此浓度以上对肺泡巨噬细胞有明显的细胞毒性。

24. 吞噬胶珠细胞的百分比（%） 平均每个细胞吞噬的胶珠数 Comparison 84±7 1.839±0.355 100μg/ml 30±7 0.444±0.085 Impairment of phagocyte of alveolar macrophages by PM10 of dust storm 与对照组相比，100μg/ml PM10颗粒组吞噬胶珠细胞的百分比 以及平均每个细胞吞噬的胶珠数均减少，说明PM10颗粒对肺泡 巨噬细胞的吞噬功能产生了抑制作用。

27. 1. Chemical composition: 1） Extremely high PM2.5 mass concentration during dust storm (~7 mg m-3) 2） Strongly seasonal variation of chemical composition Winter: high concentrations of BaP Spring: crustal elements (Si, Al) during spring dust storm, relatively low PAH 2. Toxicity: 1) Toxicity of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijingmainly contributed by organic compounds 2) Extracts of organic compounds of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijinghave cytotoxicy and genotoxicity on Balb/c 3T3 Cell 3) PM10 and PM2.5 during spring dust storm in Beijing induced a dose-related impairment of phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages, and dose-dependent increases in secretions of NO, IL-8 and TNF-a from alveolar macrophages. Summary

28. 3. Future plan: 1）Toxicity of fine particles of different seasons (heating, dust storm, photochemical smog） 2）Toxicity -chemicals 3）Epidemiology-exposure (biomarker) 4）Cancinogenic study on lung cancer.