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Body Waves: S wave. Surface Waves. Rayleigh waves Love waves Free body oscillations. >. From IRIS. Free Body Oscillations. Torroidal Modes. Spherical Modes. h. USGS. Foreshocks, Aftershocks. USGS. Bolivar Peninsula, Texas. Bolivar Peninsula, Texas. Earthquake Magnitude.
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Surface Waves Rayleigh waves Love waves Free body oscillations >
From IRIS Free Body Oscillations Torroidal Modes Spherical Modes
h USGS Foreshocks, Aftershocks
Each increment in log scale implies 10-fold change in linear scale
ML is logarithmic inamplitude of shaking • i.e., if A = 2 cm for ML = 5, what is A for ML = 6?
ML is logarithmic inamplitude of shaking • i.e., if A = 2 cm for ML = 5, what is A for ML = 6?A = 20 cm
ML is logarithmic inamplitude of shaking • i.e., if A = 2 cm for ML = 5, what is A for ML = 6?A = 20 cm • i.e., ifA = 10 μm for ML = 3.7,what is A for ML = 1.7?
ML is logarithmic inamplitude of shaking • i.e., if A = 2 cm for ML = 5, what is A for ML = 6?A = 20 cm • i.e., ifA = 10 μm for ML = 3.7,what is A for ML = 1.7?A = 0.1 μm
ML is logarithmic to base 32 for energy of earthquake • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 5 earthquake have than ML = 4? M=5 E M=4
ML is logarithmic to base 32 for energy of earthquake • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 5 earthquake have than ML = 4?32 × more energy! M=5 E M=4
ML is logarithmic to base 32 for energy of earthquake • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 5 earthquake have than ML = 4?32 × more energy! • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 6.5 earthquake have than ML = 4.5?
ML is logarithmic to base 32 for energy of earthquake • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 5 earthquake have than ML = 4?32 × more energy! • i.e., how much more energy does ML = 6.5 earthquake have than ML = 4.5?32 × 32 ~ 1,000 × more energy! • Rule: energy increases by order of 1,000 for every increment of 2 in Magnitude
Analogy: Music • Earthquake waves = mixture of S, P, surface waves of various frequencies • Music = mixture of P waves of various frequencies • Bass = low frequency • Midrange = medium frequency • Treble = high frequency • Most important point: big earthquakes make different music than small earthquakes
Bass Midrange Treble
Richter scale tuned to these earthquakes Small earthquake Big earthquake Louder Longer Lower frequency
Moment Magnitude Scale, MW Energy ~ Rupture Area × Slip Distance × Rock Strength
Gutenberg-Richter • Plots LOG(frequency) or LOG(RI) vs. magnitude RI (years) Magnitude M
Gutenberg-Richter RI (years) Magnitude M
1811 New Madrid (M=7.5) 1906 San Francisco(M = 8.3)
S waves Close L waves R waves Far Auroville Earth Institute
Amplification Sedimentary basin forming
Amplification from wave slowing Energy depends on: Speed Amplitude
Example: 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, California Fort Mason built on solid bedrock Marina district built on fill