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Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Between Residential Turf Grass & Native Soil

Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Between Residential Turf Grass & Native Soil. Richard V. Pouyat, Ian D. Yesilonis, and Nancy E. Golubiewski. Residential: 40% of urban areas (Nowak et al. 1996) 40 million acres of lawn in conterminous USA (Milesi et al., 2005)

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Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Between Residential Turf Grass & Native Soil

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  1. Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Between Residential Turf Grass & Native Soil Richard V. Pouyat, Ian D. Yesilonis, and Nancy E. Golubiewski

  2. Residential: 40% of urban areas (Nowak et al. 1996) • 40 million acres of lawn in conterminous USA (Milesi et al., 2005) • 3 times more than acreage of largest irrigated crop (corn)

  3. AREA (x10 m ) C Density (kg m ) Soil C (x10 g) LIFE ZONE AREA (x10 m ) C Density (kg m ) Soil C (x10 g) 12 2 2 15 12 2 2 15 Temperate forest - warm 7.1 Temperate forest - warm 8.6 7.1 61.1 - Temperate forest - cool 3.4 12.7 43.2 Cool temperate steppe 9.0 13.3 119.7 Temperate thorn steppe 3.9 7.6 29.6 Warm desert 14.0 1.4 19.6 Wetlands 2.8 72.3 202.4 - Boreal forest - wet 6.9 19.3 133.2 Cultivated land 21.2 7.9 167.5 14.4 ? ? Residential turf grass 1.3 + 7.7 10.0 Urban land TOTAL WORLD 1500(±20%) Adapted from Post et al. (1982) and Schlesinger and Andrews (2000) *Milesi et al. 2005

  4. SIMILARITY? Baltimore Phoenix

  5. URBAN LAND USE CHANGE?: • Disturbance (initial, post-develop.)- • SOC • Introduction of impervious surfaces • SOC- low, very slow change • Introduction of horticultural management (supplements)- SOC • Environmental change (biophysical)- SOC

  6. TURFGRASS MAINTENANCE • $10.4 billion in USA • Range of fertilizer rates: • Golf courses, athletic fields—490 kg ha-1 yr-1 • Residential lawns—50-145 kg ha-1 yr-1 • 16 million kg pesticides applied yr-1(Aspelin, 1997) • Irrigation use?

  7. Boreal Cool Temperate Steppe Cool Tropical Forest Moist Tropical Forest Warm Temperate Forest Warm Desert 20 Agricultural Conversion Urban Conversion Cd Urban Range at Equilibrium Global Range at Equilibrium 1.4 Time Edaphic Cultivation Urban Turf grass? Milesi et al., 2005 Pouyat et al. (2001) & Pouyat et al. (2003)

  8. OBJECTIVES: • Compare residential turf grass vs. native SOC in Baltimore, MD and Denver, CO areas • Climatologically distinct regions • Compare residential turf grass vs. native cover types (0.2 and 1 m depth) • Field collected data, NRCS Soil database, and data from literature

  9. Estimate net effect of urban land-use change on SOC densities in both metropolitan areas • Calculate SOC densities on area weight basis (including impervious areas) • Pre-urban, agriculture, and post-urban landscapes

  10. EXPECTED RESULTS: • SOC densities of native soils will differ more than for residential soils • 2. Net differences between pre- and post-urban SOC densities will be positive in arid shortgrass steppe (Denver) and negative in mid-Atlantic hardwood deciduous forest (Baltimore)

  11. 1 m DEPTH SOIL CORES NRCS Soil Characterization Database • 605 pedons northeastern and north central USA • Data required (bulk density, coarse fragments, C fraction, horizon thickness) • 0-20 cm, 0-1 m, proportion of C to 1 m depth occurring in surface 20 cm • Extrapolated to 1 m only if reached C horizon

  12. BALTIMORE UFORE PLOTS Birdsey (1992) n=19 n=5 n=7 n=19 NRCS DATA

  13. CUB HILL PLOTS Birdsey (1992) n=6 n=7 n=8

  14. DENVER METROPOLITAN AREA n=19 n=3 n=2 n=5 n=3 Schimel et al. (1985) NRCS Adapted from Galubiewski (2006)

  15. COMPARISON OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS n=26 n=13

  16. COMPARISON OF NATIVE SOILS ? n=7 n=19

  17. NET Change? -4.1 (+2.6) +1.17 *includes impervious surfaces (3.3 kg m-2)

  18. CONCLUSIONS • Residential soils differ less than native soils in SOC densities • Residential soils in Denver significantly higher than native short grass (Baltimore less clear) • Net change Denver (increase SOC), Baltimore (+ or – change?) • Turf grass potential to sequester C in soil (BUT, entire budget required)

  19. LIFE ZONE AREA C Density Soil C LIFE ZONE AREA C Density Soil C (x10 m2) (kg m ) (x10 g) 10 - 2 14 (x10 10 (kg m - 2 ) (x10 14 g) Northeast Forest* 20.81 16.2 33.7 Northeast Forest* 16.2 Northeast Cropland* - 6.0 - Northeast Cropland* - 6.0 - Mid - Atlantic Forest* 20.29 11.2 22.7 Mid - Atlantic Forest* 20.29 11.2 Mid - Atlantic Cropland* - 4.2 - Mid - Atlantic Cropland* - 4.2 - Forest* 34.22 7.7 Southeast 26.3 - - Southeast Cropland* 2.6 Urban (residential) 6.35 14.4 ( ± 1.2) 9.84 6.35 ± 1.2) 9.84 7.7 (±0.2)*** USA Urban (total) 30.06** USA Urban (total) 30.06 23.15 USA (total) 915.9 6.8 (?) 619.15 USA (total) 915.9 6.8 (?) ***Pouyat et al. (2006) * Birdsey (1992) * Birdsey (1992) **Nowak et al. (1996)

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