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3-4 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem?. Matter, in the form of ____________, cycles within and among ecosystems and the biosphere, and human activities are altering these _____________________. Nutrients Cycle within and among Ecosystems. Nutrient cycles Hydrologic Carbon Nitrogen
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3-4 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? • Matter, in the form of ____________, cycles within and among ecosystems and the biosphere, and human activities are altering these _____________________
Nutrients Cycle within and among Ecosystems • Nutrient cycles • Hydrologic • Carbon • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Sulfur • ____________________ may remain in a reservoir for a period of time (rates vary).
I. The Water Cycle: Processes and terms • Three major processes • Evaporation, • Precipitation (Rain = ________________), • Transpiration • Other Terms • Runoff • ___________________ (more to come later) • Infiltration & Percolation • Salt Water Intrusion
Condensation Ice and snow Condensation Transpiration from plants Precipitation to land Evaporation of surface water Runoff Evaporation from ocean Lakes and reservoirs Runoff Precipitation to ocean Increased runoff on land covered with crops, buildings and pavement Infiltration and percolation into aquifer Increased runoff from cutting forests and filling wetlands Runoff Groundwater in aquifers Overpumping of aquifers Water pollution Runoff Ocean Natural process Natural reservoir Human impacts Natural pathway Pathway affected by human activities Fig. 3-15, p. 63
Ecological Importance of the Water Cycle • Alteration of the hydrologic cycle by humans • Withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates faster than _________________________ • Clearing vegetation • Increased flooding when wetlands are drained • Loss of water retention in disturbed ____________________________. • 90% of water that reaches the atmosphere moves/is lost through plant transpiration and from soil.
Science Focus: Water’s Unique Properties • Properties of water due to ______________ between water molecules: • _______________ over large temperature range • Changes temperature slowly (high specific heat high heat capacity) • High boiling point: 100˚C (At sea level) • ______________ and __________________ • Expands as it freezes • “Universal” Solvent • Filters out harmful UV
Water Temperature Density ChartLiquid most dense at 3.98 D Celsius.
Hydrogen Bonds in Water Slightly negative charge Hydrogen bonds Slightly positive charge Fig. 3-A, p. 64
The Carbon Cycle (Based on CO2) • _______________ remove CO2 from the atmosphere • reminder: They also release it during respiration, but net reduction • ________________ use CO2 • Some carbon takes a long time to recycle (Big old trees, fossil fuels, etc.) • Humans altering carbon cycle by burning fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Respiration Photosynthesis Animals (consumers) Burning fossil fuels Diffusion Forest fires Plants (producers) Deforestation Respiration Transportation Carbon in plants (producers) Carbon in animals (consumers) Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean Marine food webs Producers, consumers, decomposers Carbon in fossil fuels Decomposition Carbon in limestone or dolomite sediments Compaction Process Reservoir Pathway affected by humans Natural pathway Fig. 3-17, p. 66
Carbon Dioxide in Marine System • Oceans are a major _____________. • Oceans are warming • Increased capacity as a sink, but…. • Dissolved CO2 creates ________________________. • Decreases ocean pH (ocean acidification) • More to come later on this…
The Carbon Cycle • NASA: Keeping Up with Carbon • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrIr3xDhQ0E
