TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: Locate and describe Arabia in the period before the rise of Islam.

1. ISLAM Section 1: The Rise of Islam TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Locate and describe Arabia in the period before the rise of Islam. • Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the prophet and how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula under Islam. • Identify the basic beliefs and practices of Islam.

2. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM? ISLAM– the religion founded by Muhammad in Arabia around 630 C.E. MUSLIM– a person who is a follower of the Islamic religion. Allah– “God” in Arabic. Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims. (Koran) Insert Arabia map • Medina • Mecca ARABIA .

3. INDONESIA IS THE MOST POPULOUS MUSLIM COUNTRY IN THE WORLD .

4. Christianity WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM? Holy Book ? Jewish TORAH Christian BIBLE Islamic KORAN (Qu’ran) How similar are they? How do they view each other hisorically?

5. Introduction to Islam: “The Qu’ran” What does this Qu’ran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus? What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians all share? How do Muslims view Jesus? Insert transparency of Qu’ran quote

6. What was Arabian society like before Muhammad came on the scene?

7. The Prophet Muhammad CAUSE 1. What were Muhammad’s revelations? • He believed God spoke to him through the Angel Gabriel (same one from the Bible) • that he was the “last of the great prophets” • now had to teach others that Allah was the one and only God and all the other gods and idols in Arabia had to be abandoned. .

8. The Prophet Muhammad EFFECTS 2. Why were Muhammad’s ideas unpopular in Mecca? • Muhammad’s new idea of “one” God (monotheism) angered those who, for centuries, had worshiped the many traditional Arab gods. • Mecca’s economy thrived on the pilgrimages of Arabs who came to make frequent visits to shrines of the many gods. If there was only one God, the visitors would stop coming, and so would the lucrative trade income. Not welcome in Mecca, to what city did Muhammad flee? Yathrib (Medina) is where he fled .

9. Hijrah– Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622. map • Medina • Mecca ARABIA The Islamic world begins its calendar Year 1 with this event. In other words, our year 622 A.D. is their year 1 A.H. This year, 2014 A.D., is year 1435 A.H. in the Islamic world. To learn the formula for figuring the Islamic year, visit www.islam.com DID YOU KNOW?

10. The Prophet Muhammad EFFECT 3. In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning point? • Mecca’s opposition to Muhammad only brought attention to his new religious message and he gained a wide following in Medina. • Besides a religious leader, he now became a political leader– uniting the various Arab tribesmen. • He was also forced into a position as a military leadernow in the conflict between Mecca and Medina. • Medina ARABIA • Mecca

11. The Prophet Muhammad EFFECT 4. Why was Muhammad’s return to Mecca important? • Muhammed used Mecca as a base from which to work toward unifying the entire Arabian peninsula. Unity now based on belief instead of tribes map • Medina ARABIA • Mecca

12. Yes, write this all down! Beliefs & Practices of Islam 5. What does Islam teach its followers? • Monotheism - There is only one God (Allah). • Each person is responsible for his or her own actions. • Allah will judge all people on a final judgment day. B. More Definitions Mosque – place of worship for Muslims Minaret – prayer tower Muezzin – prayer crier, he cries out the time of prayer 5 times a day. . .

13. Beliefs & Practices of Islam • More Definitions The Five Pillars – five requirements of a Muslim’s life.

14. The Hajj Muslims circling around thesacred Ka`aba in Mecca, climax of the hajj pilgrimage.

15. Write these in your notebook. Beliefs & Practices of Islam • More Definitions Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make in their lifetime. Sunna – Muhammad’s model for proper living. shariah – a system of laws in Islam. .

16. Beliefs & Practices of Islam 6. How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims? • Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life. • Carrying out the Five Pillars daily as well as other customs ensures that Muslims live their faith while serving in the community. . .

17. Beliefs & Practices of Islam 7. How did observing Islamic teachings help to create unity among Muslims? Because Muhammad wrote the Qu’ran in Arabic and all followers are required to read it, that one language and that one religion created unity. The SIGNIFICANCE of Muhammad is… he single-handedly unified hundreds of nomadic tribes in Arabia who spoke different languages and worshipped hundreds of different gods. He did this with one tool: the Qu’ran ! Written in a COMMON LANGUAGE (Arabic) + providing a COMMON RELIGION (Islam) = he achieved Arabian UNITY.

18. Beliefs & Practices of Islam 8. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? Shariah law required Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews – the “people of the book.”

19. Get out your ABCD partner sheets Make sure you have your comp book

20. Find your D partner • Discuss the three places the pilgrims were from and how their experiences at the Hajj were alike and different

21. ISLAM The Spread of Islam OBJECTIVES: • Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam. • List sources of conflict within the Umayyad Muslim state that led to the two major divisions / branches of Islam today. • Identify on a map the major Muslim capitals / caliphates. Examine maps ; “The Spread of Islam”

23. Rome • Constantinople SPAIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE • Cordoba Mediterranean Sea • Damascus • Baghdad Alexandria . • Jerusalem Cairo . NORTH AFRICA Persian Gulf R e d S e a • Medina • Mecca A R A B I A Within 100 years, the Islamic empire would grow larger than the Roman Empire at its height. Arabian Sea .

24. c. means circa, or around

25. THE MUSLIM WORLD TODAY

26. Islam Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

27. Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E. • Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one. • Relying on ancient tribal custom, the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and Muhammad’s first successor. He had been a loyal friend of Muhammad, accompanied him on the Hijrah, and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. Under Abu-Bakr, the collection of Mohammad's revelations were recorded in the Qur’an. Illuminated Qur'an

28. Yes, write this down • In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph(KAY•lihf), a title that means “successor” or “deputy.” .

29. 1. What did the “rightly guided” caliphs use as guides to leadership? The Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions in life. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs—Umar, Uthman, and Ali—all had known Muhammad and supported his mission. • They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. • For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • The region ruled by a caliph was called a caliphate. What is the meaning of the word “caliph?” Caliph means “successor”

30. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Abu-Bakr had promised the Muslim community he would uphold what Muhammad stood for. • For two years, Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community. • By the time Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. Abu-Bakar .

31. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Under Umar, the second caliph, swift and highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire. • The next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali, continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward. • By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles—about two times the distance across the continental United States. .

32. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs 2. What changes did they make during their rule? They mobilized highly-disciplined armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and Persia. . .

33. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs 3. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and spread Islam? • Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam. • Armies were well-disciplined and expertly commanded. • The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak at this time. • People who had suffered religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant Islamic empire. Persecutions in Persia of those who did not practice official Zoroastrianism, as well as persecution in the Byzantine empire of those who did not practice official Christianity, was widespread at this time. The persecuted often referred to the Islamic invaders as “liberators.” .

34. Yes write this down in a SUMMARY in your own words Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam. • They were attracted by the appeal of the message of Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax. • Christians and Jews, as “people of the book,” were allowed to practice their faiths freely and even received special consideration. • Christians and Jews played important roles as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state. • In practice, tolerance like this was extended to other groups as well. .

35. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis • The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil war, with various groups struggling for power. • A family known as the Umayyad (oo•MYE•yadz) came to power. • They set up a hereditary system of succession. The Umayyads Umayyad Mosque 4. What ended the elective system of choosing a caliph? When the Umayyads came to power after a bloody civil war, they set up a hereditary system of succession.

36. The Umayyads 5. What other changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Damascus. They abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs, and began surrounding themselves with wealth and ceremonies. When you look at the expanse of the lands conquered by the Umayyad, what logistical reason might they have had for relocating the capital to Damascus?

37. Sunni–Shi’a Split • In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. • A minority did continue to resist, and around some of these groups an alternate view of the office of caliph developed. • In this view, the caliph—the person most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message—needed to be a relative of the Prophet.

38. Sunni–Shi’a Split • This group was called Shi’a, meaning the “party” of Ali. • Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads later became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example. • Another group, the Sufi (SOO•fee), reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

39. The Sufi • They tried to achieve direct personal contact with God through mystical means, such as meditation and chanting. • In some ways they were similar to Christian and Buddhist monks. • The Sufis played an important role in keeping Muslims focused on the Qur’an and tradition.

40. The Sufi • Later, they became very active as missionaries in newly conquered lands. • Another religious development was the growth of scholarship in various branches of Islamic learning and law. • The study of the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic language, and the development of schools of shari’a established standards of Islamic conduct.

41. Write down Section B The Umayyads 6. What led to the downfall of the Umayyads? The division of Islam into Sunni, Shi’a, and Sufi branches. The Sunni and Shi’a had different ideas about leadership; and the Sufi practiced lives of extreme poverty and religious devotion. • The 3 Different Branches or Sects Within Islam Sunni– choose their caliph by election. Approx. 80% Muslims are Sunni. Shi’a – believe the caliph must be a relative of Muhammad. Approx. 17% Muslims are Shi’a. Sufi – abandon material possessions, live simple “monastic” life Umayyad mosque, Damascus. .

42. The Abbasids • Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. • Especially troubling to Muslims was the Umayyad obsession with material wealth. • Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750. • The most powerful of those groups, the Abbasids(AB•uh•SIHDZ), took control of the empire. 7. How did the Abbasids come to power? They were the most powerful of the rebel groups that overthrew the Ummayads. .

43. The Abbasids The Abbasids’ strength lay in the former Persian lands – including Iraq, Iran, and central Asia. 8. What changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Baghdad, developed a strong government bureaucracy, created an efficient tax system, and a strong trade network. .

46. Abbasids Consolidate Power • A chancery prepared letters and documents. • A special department managed the business of the army. • Diplomats from the empire were sent to courts in Europe (for example, Charlemagne’s court), Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business. • To support this bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth. .

47. The Abbasids 8. What major problem did the Abbasids face? They were unable to complete solid political control over such an immense empire. .

48. 2 The Umayyads and the Abbassids These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization. Set up dynasty that ruled until 750 Moved capital to Damascus Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley Relied on local officials to govern the empire, while the Umayyads themselves lived in great luxury. Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs Split in Islam occurs during their reign – between Sunni, Shi’a, Sufi. Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 Moved capital to Baghdad Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power through strong trade network. Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age Difficulty controlling vast empire. UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS .

49. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • The Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258. • The Fatimid(FAT•uh•MIHD) Dynasty, named afterMuhammad’s daughter Fatima, ruled in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria. • Although politically divided, the Abbasid Empire and the smaller powers remained unified in other ways. Religion, language, trade, and the economy tied the lands together. .

50. Muslim Trade Network • The two major sea-trading zones—those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean—linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. • The land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. • Muslim merchants needed only a single language, Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar, to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and on to China. .