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Cell Biology Basics: Structures, Similarities, and Functions

Learn about cell structures, safety rules, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore organelles and characteristics of plant and animal cells. Discover the importance of cell membrane and cell wall. Study the benefits and drawbacks of prokaryotic organisms while understanding the roles of various organelles. Test your knowledge with questions on science fundamentals.

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Cell Biology Basics: Structures, Similarities, and Functions

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  1. Mav Mark 8/25/11 • http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.html • Safety Picture 1

  2. Mav Mark 8/26/11 • http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensci.html • Safety picture 2

  3. Mav Mark 8/29/11Write question. • List 5 safety rules that you can think of when performing an experiment.

  4. Mav Mark 8/31/11 • 1. What is the longest bone in the body?2. What is botany?3. How long does it take for the earth to make a complete orbit around the sun?4. How many legs does a spider have? How many legs does an insect have?5. What scientist is associated with the equation E = mc2?6. What is the scientific name for a human?7. Where does a panda bear live?8. What is the molecular formula for water?9. What are the colors of the rainbow?10. Name all of the planets in the solar system, starting with the one closest to the sun.

  5. Mav Mark 8/31/11 • List and explain 3 similarities that exist between all cells.

  6. Mav Mark 9/1/11 • Explain the benefits of prokaryotic organisms.

  7. Mav Mark 9/2/11 • Compare and contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

  8. Mav Mark 9/6/11 • What are the three structures found in plant cells that are missing in animal cells?

  9. Control Center of Cell Support and structure Breaks down waste Protein synthesis Separates cell from environment Ribosome Nucleus Cell Membrane Lysosome Cell Wall Mav Mark 9/7/11Match the following!

  10. Largest and most visible organelle Manufactures lipids Hereditary Material in a cell Smallest and most abundant organelle Organized structures of DNA DNA Nucleus Chromosome Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Mav Mark 9/8/11

  11. Mav Mark 9/9/11 • Test Day • Sharpen pencil • Clear desk

  12. The Cell & Organization of Life 2011-2012

  13. History & Definition • First cells seen where cork cells in 1665 by Robert Hooke. • A cell is the smallest unit that can still carry on all life processes. • Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cells

  14. Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more living cells • The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. • All cells come from existing cells. (chicken or the egg?)

  15. Cell Similarities • All • Have cell membrane • Contain hereditary material (DNA) • Have Cytoplasm and Ribosomes • Are small in size • Most cannot be seen with naked eye • Ostrich egg

  16. Prokaryotic Include bacteria Do NOT have a nucleus Have long circular DNA No membrane bound organelles Contain ribosomes to make proteins. rod shaped, spherical, and spiral 2 Main Types of Cells

  17. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria • Reproduction: Asexual • Binary Fission: an organism duplicates its DNA and then divides into two parts, with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. • Conjugation: Exchange of DNA between bacteria

  18. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria • Either classified as eubacteria or archaea. • Eubacteria: commonly found • Archaea: Live in extreme environments

  19. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Good” • Bioremediation: organisms are added to water to convert toxic pollutants, such as oil, into harmless substances. • Food Production: Butter, Cheese, Yogurt, Sauerkraut, Beer, Pickles, Olives, Chocolate, Coffee, Soy sauce, meats, etc. • Decompose dead organisms • Digesting food • Fix Nitrogen for Plants

  20. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Bad” • Food Spoilage • Can cause disease in plants and animals • Produce Toxins

  21. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria“The Ugly” • Must be dealt with every day. • People die each year from infections. • Bubonic Plague: • Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without treatment • Yersina pestis • Anthrax

  22. Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria • Ways to prevent disease: • Wash hands!!! • Cook food thoroughly. • Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism) • Antibiotics

  23. Eukaryotic (YOU!) More complex & larger than proK Have membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Has more DNA than proK DNA is linear Animal, plant, fungi NOT BACTERIA 2 Main Types of Cells

  24. Eukaryotic Cells • Divided Into Plant Cells & Animal Cells • Both of these have Organelles: structures that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce.

  25. A Plant Cell • Plant Cell Organelles • Cell Wall • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Large Vacuole • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts & Other Plastids • Golgi Apparatus (Complex)

  26. An Animal Cell • Animal Cell Organelles: • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Small Vacuoles • Mitochondria • Golgi Apparatus (Complex) • Lysosomes

  27. What’s holding it all together? Cell Wall Found in plant and algae cells Made of cellulose Provides strength and support Helps plants protect themselves from too much water entering or leaving the cell Organelles

  28. Organelles What’s holding it all together? Cell Membrane ALL cells are covered by a cell membrane. Its job is to : keep the cytoplasm in allow waste out and nutrients in interact with other cells. Made of phospholipidbilayer. Hydrophobic: hate water (tails) Hydrophilic: loves water (heads)

  29. Organelles • Cell’s Information Station: Nucleus • Largest and most visible organelle in euK cell • Means “kernel” or “nut” • Stores DNA that has information for making proteins. • Surrounded by nuclear membrane • Contains a nucleolus that stores materials used to make ribosomes.

  30. Nucleus

  31. Protein Factory • Ribosomes: • Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the cell • Present in all cells • Do not have a membrane covering • Serve as the protein building location

  32. May be smooth (does not have ribosomes) or rough (has ribosomes) Makes lipids for use in/out side the cell. Break down drugs and other chemicals that could damage the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum

  33. Cell’s Power Plant • Mitochondria: • Breaks down food molecules into ATP for energy • Surrounded by two membranes: the inner membrane has folds where most of ATP is made • Need oxygen to work • Active cells like those in the liver and heart have thousands of them

  34. Cell’s Power Plant • Chloroplasts: • Found in plant and algae cells • Make food from sunlight • Have flattened membrane covered sacs that look like coins that contain chlorophyll which makes chloroplast green • Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesis

  35. Other Common Plastids • Chloroplasts: the most commonly known of the Plastids—Green in color • Chromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments that give plants colors other than green—red, orange, etc. • Leucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give plants a white color

  36. Endosymbiotic theory • Where did they come from? • Scientist believe that mitochondria and chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by larger cells. • Evidence that supports this theory: • They are about the same size as bacteria • They are surrounded by two membranes

  37. Cell’s Packaging Center • Golgi Complex: • Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER, but is closer to cell membrane.) • Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER and modified for different functions • Final products are enclosed in Golgi membrane and then pinched off for transport either within the cell or outside the cell.

  38. Golgi Complex

  39. Cell’s Storage Centers • EuK have membrane covered sacs called vesicles. • Form either when… • Part of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi Complex • Cell membrane engulf something from outside the cell.

  40. Cell’s Storage Centers • Most plant cells have a large membrane covered chamber called a vacuole. • It is used to store water. • Pigments in the liquid can cause color in plants like red roses.

  41. Waste Management • Lysosome • Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to digest them. • Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of waste • Protects cell from foreign particles that enter the cell by destroying them • Sometimes lysosome membranes break and the enzymes kill the cell. • Tadpole-frog • Human webbed fingers.

  42. Summary

  43. Looking Inside Cells Compare and contrast the structures present in plant cells and animal cells.

  44. Cell Movement • Flagella: tail-like projections • Pseudopod: false-foot • Cilia: finger-like projections (some non-motile)

  45. Organization of Life • If a group of cells work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form tissues. • Muscle cells working together to form muscle tissue

  46. Tissues: Cells working together • Epithelial: (skin) covers and protects underlying tissue. • Nervous: sends signals throughout the body

  47. Tissues: Cells working together • Muscle: composed of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement • Connective: (blood, collagen) joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs

  48. Tissues

  49. Organization of Life • If two or more tissues work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form an organ. • Ex. • Stomach, heart, skin • Stems, roots

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