Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa

2. Classical Time Period 1000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.

3. Politics • Stateless Societies • Family/Kin based • Rise of Monarchies • Rise of Nok Civilization in Western Africa

4. Nok Civilization

5. Economy • Africa -> Agricultural in general • Trade within Africa was common • Nok people • Agriculturalists/ Pastoralists • Iron work -> tools and weapons

6. Culture • Spread of Bantu culture • Bantu were people from modern day Nigeria and Camroon • spread of iron-working across Africa • Spread of Bantu language which split 500 different African languages

7. Bantu Expansion

8. Nok Art

9. Religion • No major religion • Animistic

10. Interactions with other cultures • Bantu culture spreads across Africa • Trade among the separate tribes was common

11. Post Classical 500 – 1450 c.e.

12. Political • Kingdom of Ghana rises in power (300-1000 c.e.) • Much of Africa still stateless societies • Sudanic States had a patriarch or a council of elders from a certain lineage lead them • Malinke people from between Senegal and Niger rivers separated from Ghana and formed the Empire of Mali • (1200-1300) Rise of Mali

13. Political (cont.) • Sundaita(the Lion Prince) is said to have created the outline of government and society in Mali and created a unified state • His successors expanded Mali outward towards the Atlantic coast • Mansa Musa: • takes a pilgrimage to Mecca • Brings back an architect from Muslim Spain • Expands Islam in Africa

14. African Empires

15. Religion • Many places still animistic • Spread of Islam in Africa • Mansa Musa causes spread around Mali • Trade spreads Islam along the Eastern Coast • Spread causes a blend of Islamic and African culture • Christianity had not spread to sub-Saharan Africa yet • The people beyond the Eastern Coast were still animistic

16. African Religion

17. African Mosque

18. Economy • Towns like Jenne and Timbuktu had scholars, craft specialists and foriegn merchants • Mali’s population was agriculturalist • The Eastern (Swahili) Coast boomed with trade with S. W. Asia, India, China

19. Culture • Islamic influence caused a blend of African and Islamic culture along the Swahili coast • The rulers and merchants had a more Islamic culture • The common people had a more African culture • The Arabic language was used and blended with Bantu to make the Swahili language • The Bantu had fully migrated throughout sub-Saharan Africa

20. Interactions • Trade w/ S. W. Asia brought in Islam • Trade w/ rest of Asia brought commercial goods • Bantu migrations caused more kingdoms to form in southern Africa

21. Early Modern Time Period 1450 - 1750

22. Economy • Portuguese start trading along the coasts • Gold • Salt • Ivory • Slaves • The Dutch, British, and French get involved in slave trade • Africa received goods and gave slaves in the Triangular Trade • South Africa has Boers (Dutch farmers) • Plantations worked by slaves

23. Portuguese Trade Routes

24. Religion • The missionaries followed the traders’ path to gain Christian converts • Muslim reform movements-1770’s

25. Politics • West and Central Africa consisted of small states • War was common • prisoners of war were traded for weapons • The states closest to the coast had most power • b/c they had European weaponry

26. Culture • Europeans were incorporated into African art work • Nzinga Mvemba tried to Europeanize his kingdom • The Europeans didn’t change much of Africa's culture

27. African Mask

28. Interactions • Africa becomes the world’s source of Slaves • S. W. Asia take women and children • European’s take men (and later women) to work the plantations • Slaves are traded for guns which are used to get more slaves

29. Industrial Age 1750 - 1914

30. Politics • Africa -> Tropical dependency • Small group of Europeans rule large group of natives • Europeans believed the Africans were not fit to rule themselves • French Revolution shook control in some parts of Africa

31. Economy • Used for goods during industrial revolution • Not many consumers • South Africa gold dispute • Britain fought the boers for land in South Africa containing gold

32. Culture • People were getting categorized into “tribes” • Labeled the Africans as backwards and tribal • Racial views decreased education in Africa • Colonizer was considered greater than the colonized

33. Religion • Christianity got better hold under European control • Religion became a reason for imperialism

34. Interactions • Africa came under European control • Primarily used by Europe for resources • Christianity gains ground in Africa

35. Modern Time Period 1914 - Present

36. Politics • Berlin Conference split up control of Africa • The new borders put warring groups of people together • Africans began rebelling European control • Borders of independent Africa contained rival tribes • Led to civil wars

37. Africa after Berlin Conference

38. Modern Day Africa

39. Economy • Resources used up by Europe • Recourses for military more than for education and hospitals • Population too high for economy to support • Economic problems led to civil wars

40. Culture • Diseases • Aids • HIV • Diverse influence in African architecture • Baroque • Gujarati • Turkish • Symmetrical masks, statues popular

41. African Statues

42. Religion • Africa obtained many religions • Christianity • Islam • Judaism And had many of its own indigenous religions

43. Interactions • Africa broke free from European control • United Nations sets standards for basic human rights