1 / 23

Akabane

Akabane. kabane. Overview. Organism Economic Impact Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Treatment Prevention and Control Actions to Take. The Organism. Akabane Virus. Single stranded RNA virus Family Bunyaviridae Genus Orthobunyavirus Sheep, goats and cattle

simms
Download Presentation

Akabane

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Akabane kabane

  2. Overview • Organism • Economic Impact • Epidemiology • Transmission • Clinical Signs • Diagnosis and Treatment • Prevention and Control • Actions to Take

  3. The Organism

  4. Akabane Virus • Single stranded RNA virus • Family Bunyaviridae • Genus Orthobunyavirus • Sheep, goats and cattle • Intrauterine infection of fetus • No clinical signs in the dam

  5. Importance

  6. History • 1959 • First isolated from mosquitoes in Japan • 1969-70 • Israel outbreak • 3,000 calves, 700 lambs, 600 kids • 1972 • First reported in Australia

  7. Economic Impact • High mortality to newborn and fetal cattle, sheep and goats • U.S. livestock greatly susceptible • Potential vectors found in U.S. • 2010 U.S. livestock statistics • Calves: 35.4 million head • Lambs: 3.6 million head

  8. Epidemiology

  9. Geographic Distribution • Tropics and subtropics • Australia, Japan, Israel, Korea • Occasionally in Asia, the Middle East, and South Africa

  10. Morbidity/ Mortality • Endemic areas • Immunity by sexual maturity • Seroprevalence 80% • Greatest risk • Naïve and susceptible animals • Favorable environmental conditions • High mortality in newborns • Most die soon after birth or must be euthanized

  11. Transmission

  12. Animal Transmission • Vector-borne • Mosquitoes • Biting midges • NOT transmitted by: • Direct contact • Infected tissues, exudates, body fluids • Fomites • Ruminants are not long-term carriers

  13. Animals and Akabane

  14. Clinical Signs • Cattle, sheep, goats • Adults asymptomatic • Pregnant ruminants • Abortion and stillbirths • Premature births • Dystocia • Congenital abnormalities • Varies with stage of gestation

  15. Congenital Abnormalities • Early pregnancy • Behavioral abnormalities • “Dummy Calves” • Skull deformities • Second trimester • Arthrogryposis (rigidly flexed joints) • Severe muscle atrophy • Torticollis, scoliosis, kyphosis • Last trimester • Bright and alert but unable to stand • Ataxia, paralyzed limbs, muscle atrophy

  16. Post Mortem Lesions • Fetuses or newborns Arthrogryposis Microencephaly and Hydranencephaly

  17. Post Mortem Lesions • Other congenital abnormalities • Hydrocephalus, microencephaly, spinal cord agenesis or hypoplasia, torticollis, scoliosis, brachygnathism • Cataracts, ophthalmia • Hypoplastic skeletal muscles and lungs • Fibrinous polyarticular synovitis

  18. Differential Diagnosis • Cache Valley virus infection • Bluetongue • Bovine viral diarrhea virus • Border disease • Wesselsbron disease • Nutritional, genetic, or toxic diseases

  19. Sampling • Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted • Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

  20. Diagnosis • Clinical signs • Laboratory Tests • Serology • From fetus or neonate • Cerebrospinal fluid • Adults: antibody titer or seroconversion • Virus isolation and identification • RT-PCR • Immunofluorescent staining

  21. Treatment • No effective treatment • Affected neonates should be euthanized • Subsequent pregnancies unaffected

  22. Prevention and Control

  23. Prevention • Protection from vectors • Mosquitoes and biting midges • Vaccination • Inactivated and attenuated vaccine • Killed vaccine • Not currently available in U.S.

More Related