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The People’s Republic of China

The People’s Republic of China. By Andrew Mazze. History. Dynasty or Imperial Rule from 1523 B.C. to 1912 Many dynasties rule China during this time Examples: Shang, Yuan, Ming and Ch’ing. Shang Dynasty. Ruled from (1523-1028 B.C.) First Chinese Dynasty

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The People’s Republic of China

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  1. The People’s Republic of China By Andrew Mazze

  2. History • Dynasty or Imperial Rule from 1523 B.C. to 1912 • Many dynasties rule China during this time • Examples: Shang, Yuan, Ming and Ch’ing

  3. Shang Dynasty • Ruled from (1523-1028 B.C.) • First Chinese Dynasty • Kings dominated loose confederation of chiefdoms • Sophisticated political organization – specialization of gov’t functions (religion, weapons, construction)

  4. Yuan Dynasty • Under Mongol Rule • Conquered by Genghis Khan • Followed by Kublai Khan • First time China was in control of non-Chinese gov’t • Dark time in Chinese history

  5. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Reestablished pride in China • Emperors ruled in autocracy • Improvements in military • Restoration projects on Great Wall and Great Canal • Last dynasty ruled by ethnic Hans

  6. Ch’ing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Manchu rule – 2nd period of foreign rule over China • Unlike Mongols, Manchu's achieved great success by adopting and ruling through traditional Chinese institutions

  7. Transition and Reform • Decline in dynastic rule would come when China would meet greatest challenge in its history. • As European trade grew relationship between West and China forced to change • Opium War (1839-1842) =>Great Britain victory • Treaty of Nanking

  8. Transition and Reform • Opium War leads to a “self-strengthening” and “modernization” approach • Scholarly sources exposed to aspects of western history and political thought wanted to establish constitutional monarchy

  9. Transition and ReformBoxer Rebellion • 1899-1901 • Rebellion against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion, etc. • Boxers began anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant based movement

  10. Republic of China (1912-49) • Feb 12, 1912 Emperor of Ch’ing dynasty abdicates…End 2000 years of dynastic rule • Yuan Shikai named President of ROC • 1916-1928 Warlord domination of gov’t • Leads to Nanking Gov’t from 1928-1937

  11. ROC – Nanking Gov’t (1928-37) • One-party dictatorship • KMT – Nationalist party • Reunified country-nation’s capital moved to Nanking • “Political Development” instituted to make China more democratic state

  12. Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) • Forces uneasy alliance between Nationalist and Communists -- tension • 10 million Chinese civilian deaths • Japan surrenders in 1945 – China financially drained

  13. Chinese Civil War – KMT vs. CCP • Continued distrust between Nationalists (KMT) & Communists (CCP) leads to Chinese Civil War • 1947 – constitutional rule established • Because of civil war the provisions of the Republic of China constitution were never implemented

  14. People’s Republic of China • CCP victorious in civil war – led by Mao Zedong • Oct 1, 1949 PROC established • The Republic of China (ROC) retreats to Taiwan • PROC institutes disruptive socioeconomic movements (Great Leap Forward, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution)

  15. PROC – After Mao • After Mao’s death in 1976 Deng Xiaopeng starts a series of political and economic reforms • Helps build foundation for rapid economic development in 1990s • PROC has absolute control over politics

  16. China -- Today • In late 1970s ROC began multi-party representative democracy in Taiwan • Main issue today – eventual reunification w/ mainland China vs. formal independence • PROC governs mainland China • ROC governs Taiwan

  17. China -- Today • PROC is governed under the one-party system – CCP • Government controls almost every aspect of life – similar to Soviet Union • After founding of PROC: • Both PROC and ROC claimed to be sole legitimate ruler of all of China • ROC had received more international support immediately after 1949 – recently changed

  18. China vs. United States Gov’t • Official Chinese government has always been the opposite of U.S. gov’t • Monarchies and Communism are both contrary to traditional U.S. views of democracy and liberty. • Ideals important to U.S. such as capitalism and fair elections not demonstrated in China

  19. Bibliography • Encyclopedia Americana “China” • Wikipedia • “People’s Republic of China” • “Republic of China” • “Boxer’s Rebellion”

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