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Chapter Twenty-Four

Chapter Twenty-Four. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1940. Part One:. Introduction. Chapter Focus Questions . What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression? What characterized the politics of hard times?

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Chapter Twenty-Four

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  1. Chapter Twenty-Four The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1940

  2. Part One: Introduction

  3. Chapter Focus Questions • What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression? • What characterized the politics of hard times? • Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt and what were the two New Deals? • How did the federal sphere expand in the West? • What characterized American cultural life during the 1930s? • What were the legacies and limits of New Deal reform?

  4. Part Two: Sit-Down Strike at Flint: Automobile Workers Organize a New Union

  5. Sit-Down Strike at Flint • Flint/GM strike. • Depression hard. • GM resists UAW. • Strikers seized plants. • Community support. • GM gave in. • UAW recognized.

  6. Part Three: Hard Times

  7. The Bull Market and the Crash • Stock prices rose. • Easy credit. • Market peaked, eased down. • Worth 1/2. • Margin buyers pay cash. • Depression unseen. • Chart: The Stock Market 1921–1932

  8. Underlying Weakness • Crash not cause. • Economic flaws seen • Industrial growth Up, wages static. • Rich-poor gap widened.

  9. Mass Unemployment • Manufacturers spend less • Workers laid off. • Bank runs • No consumer demand • 33% idle in ‘33. • Social male role overturned. • Chart: Unemployment, 1929–1945

  10. Hoover’s Failure • Relief sources overwhelmed. • Hoover vetoed aid. • Reconstruction Finance Corporation. • Banks saved, but no growth.

  11. Protest and the Election of 1932 • Map: The Election of 1932 • Bonus Army. • FDR wins.

  12. Part Four: FDR and the First New Deal

  13. FDR the Man • FDR privileged. • Polio. • 2-term governor: • reformer • “brain trust”

  14. Restoring Confidence • Four-day “bank holiday.” • Fireside chats. • Congress passed bank laws.

  15. The Hundred Days • “Hundred days” session. • Revive industry. • Revive agriculture. • Emergency relief.

  16. Part Five: Left Turn and the Second New Deal

  17. Roosevelt’s Critics • Socialistic. • Too timid including: • Upton Sinclair. • Francis Townsend. • Huey Long. • Strikes demonstrations

  18. The Second Hundred Days • FDR shifted leftward.

  19. Labor’s Upsurge: Rise of the CIO • Committee for Industrial Organization . • John Lewis organizes. • Flint GM success led to victories. • Reinvigorated labor movement.

  20. The New Deal Coalition at High Tide • FDR reelected 1936. • His supporters included: • traditional white southern Democrats • big-city political machines • trade unionists • depression-hit farmers • ethnic voters

  21. Part Six: The New Deal in the South and West

  22. Southern Farming and Landholding • 1930, Southern land ownership. • The Agricultural Adjustment Administration. • Subsidies helped owners/hurt workers. • Migration.

  23. The Dust Bowl • Map: The Dust Bowl • The Dust Bowl.

  24. The Government and the Dust Bowl • Soil Conservation Service. • AAA. • “Okies.” • Aggressive deportation.

  25. Water Policy • Map: The New Deal and Water • Water projects. • urban growth • , agricultural expansion • massive irrigation. • Flood control. • Low-cost electricity. • Consequence: • a few farmers rich. • Mexicans got low wages. • Environment declined..

  26. A New Deal for Indians • Harmful practices reformed. • Indian Reorganization Act. • Some tribes rejected IRA. • Bureau of Indian Affairs: • restore tribal rights. • Restore cultural rights.

  27. Part Seven: Depression-Era Culture

  28. A New Deal for the Arts • American culture. • New Deal’s Federal Project No. 1: • artists and intellectuals. • The Federal Writers Project • theatrical performances • orchestra tours • new compositions • new art

  29. The Documentary Impulse • “Documentary impulse”. • Farm Security Administration photographers. • John Steinbeck portrayed Okies.

  30. Waiting for Lefty • Marxist analysis influenced writers. • Communists’ “popular front”.

  31. Film in the 1930s • Movies an enjoyable escape. • Hollywood social issues. • Walt Disney’s cartoons. • Frank Capra’s comedies.

  32. Radio in the 1930s

  33. Radio in the 1930s

  34. Radio in the 1930s • Vaudeville, minstrel comedy shows. • Soap operas. • Network news.

  35. The Swing Era • Radio popularized jazz. • Benny Goodman. • Popularized African-American music. • Swing era.

  36. Part Eight: The Limits of Reform

  37. Court Packing • 1937, New Deal in retreat. • SCOTUS overturned key New Deal programs. • FDR asked for judges. • New Dealers feared FDRs motives. • FDR gets judges—at a cost.

  38. The Women’s Network • New Deal affected women. • Women gain influence. • Eleanor Roosevelt. • Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. • Women gain roles in society.

  39. A New Deal for Minorities? • No new deal for minorities. • Lower wages for black. • Blacks unprotected. • FDR banned WPA discrimination . • 1936, black voters supported Democrats. • Little help to Mexicans and Mexican Americans.

  40. The Roosevelt Recession • 1937, FDR federal deficit too large. • Spending cut. • Severe recession. • Increased unemployment. • Weakened New Deal support. • 1938 elections increased GOP. • Further reforms nearly impossible.

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