Chapter 17.2: Earth’s Early History

1. Chapter 17.2: Earth’s Early History

2. Age of the Earth • It is estimated that the Earth is 4.6 billion years old • Theories of how the Earth was “born” vary (IE – the Big Bang Theory) • Elements arranged themselves according to density Least dense make up the atmosphere, most dense make up the core

3. Earth’s Early Atmosphere • Earth’s early atmosphere probably contained hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and water • All toxic gases except the water

4. The Early Earth • 4 billion years ago the first solid rocks formed • 3.8 billion years ago that the Earth was cool enough to have liquid water • So this is when the first oceans formed

5. Earth BEFORE oceans formed • Characteristics of Earth before oceans formed: • Comets and asteroids • Volcanic activity • Atmosphere of poisonous gas

6. Why do you think oceans did not exist on Earth 4 billion years ago? • Water was a gas! Because Earth was very hot!

7. Formation of Organic Molecules • Early atmosphere allowed the formation of organic molecules • because it DID NOT have oxygen • Would not form in today’s atmosphere • Oxygen is too reactive • Bacteria would eat the molecules

8. Miller and Urey • Stanley Miller and Harold Urey attempted to answer whether Organic molecules could have formed before life was present. Filled an enclosed flask with a mixture of gases and water to simulate the Earth’s Atmosphere! Used electrodes to produce a Spark that simulates lightning!

9. Miller and Urey made sure no microscopic life existed in this experiment. Why? • They had to make sure the original simple substances they were testing were the ONLY possible source for the creation of organic molecules.

10. The Results from Miller and Urey • Amino acids began to form after a couple days. • This mixture of amino acids and other organic compounds showed us that molecules necessary for life could have risen from simple compounds present on early Earth without life.

11. The First Cells Thought to have originated 200-300 million years after oceans formed. Why? Because the presences of liquid water was necessary for first life. • Earliest cells called proteinoid microspheres were created when organic molecules became trapped in bubbles • Not alive but have some characteristics of living cells • They had SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANES.

12. Oxygen-Free Life Forms • The first life forms are thought to have evolved in oxygen free environments approximately 3.5 billion years ago • First organisms on Earth were most like today’s BACTERIA • Photosynthetic organisms evolved in the oceans approximately 2.2 billion years ago Started pumping oxygen into the atmosphere

13. Endosymbiotic Theory • Belief is that eukaryotes formed approx. 2 billion years ago from COMMUNITIES of PROKARYOTES. • Prokaryotes “moved into” prokaryotic cells • Created a symbiotic relationship • One group was able to use oxygen to make ATP • Mitochondria • One group was able to use light to make sugars • Chloroplasts

15. Evidence of the Endosymbiotic Theory • Membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to that of free-living prokaryotes • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have • DNA similar to bacterial DNA • Ribosomes similar to those of bacteria • Reproduce by binary fission

16. Sexual Reproduction • The use of sexual reproduction by early organisms allowed evolution to occur at a much quicker rate • More gene shuffling