中 国历 史

1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE CHINESE REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH சீன வரலாறு चीनी इतिहास 中国历史

2. Northern Expedition was a success for the GMT. With that, Chiang ruled as he pleased. Proclaimed Nanjing, the capital of the new nationalist Republic of China. He then moved northwards again to finish the warlords off. He managed to defeat the Japanese army they encountered in Jinan. He then entered Beijing on 4th June 1928. The name Beijing was renamed Beiping. Northern Expedition Stage 2

4. Following the shanghai massacre, the CCP developed into two distinct main groups: The party central politburo under Moscow trained Chinese communists which concentrated on tactics such as sabotage and uprisings. Mao and his followers who concentrated on developing peasant’s support and establishment away from GMT control. Aftermath of the Shanghai massacre

5. After the massacre, Mao and the communist fled to Hunan. Sept 1927: Autumn harvest uprisingin Hunan which was unsuccessful and they fled further into the countryside. Mao established the idea of a base area, a secure area for his followers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mOeJjON_iI

6. During the extermination campaigns, Mao and the Red Army’s successful guerilla tactics led to an expansion of land and people under communist control They gained footholds in – Hupah, Hunan, Sichuan, Shanxi Mao moved to Jiangxi Soviet 1929

7. Mao Zedong and his troops joined forces with Zhu De, an able communist commander. Together in the mountains of Jiangxi province, they worked to build a Chinese Workers’ and peasants’ Red Army. They organized guerilla raids on Chiang’s troops and ‘liberated’ farms and estates using cunning tactics. Mao’s leadership in Jiangxi province

8. By this time Mao was convinced that the peasants of China could be harnessed to topple the nationalist government and create a communist state. In China, the peasants accounted for 80% of the population, therefore revolution was possible even with the lack of workers. Mao developed a new type of government in a small communist state, the Chinese Soviet Republic of Jiangxi. Peasants were given land seized from the landlords.

9. CCP dominated by Moscow train, Moscow directed leadership. 1927, following Shanghai CCP 6th national congress in Moscow. Real power with Li Lisan- highly intelligent and good speaker. Opposed Mao’s views about the importance of peasants as revolutionary force. Focus continued to be on organization of urban rising among industrial workers. By 1930, Li Lisan ousted from leadership because of failure of campaign to attack towns in central China- defeated by GMD. This ‘provocation’ by Red Army led directly to the bandit suppression campaigns. Leadership of the CCP ( 1927-1935)

10. Important consequences of failed campaign- Mao and Zhu broke completely with Comintern/ Li Lisan ideas on revolution. Thus, laying foundation for peasant based revolution and their own leadership of CCP. CCP under Mao adopted ideas of a consolidated Red Army of workers and peasants. Establishment of a secure Soviet regime in Jiangxi. USSR came to accept that rural Soviets played a central role in Chinese revolutions. Mao together with Zhu established the 4th Red Army- Zhu was its military commander, Mao its political commissar. Mao’s leadership

11. Ever since the break with the CCP in 1927, Chiang Kai Shek had never forgotten the threat of communism in China. His policy was of exterminating all the communists before defending China against Japanese aggression. 1931, after disloyal former warlords had successfully been defeated, Chiang could turn his full attention to the communist problem. Chiang realised the Communists were quite successful in spreading social revolution in Central and South China. It was therefore both necessary and urgent for Chiang to destroy Communists bases ASAP. Reasons for Extermination campaigns

12. There was a need to suppress the remaining pocket of Communist rebellion which had escaped the 1927 purge. On Dec 10, the suppression campaigns began to suppress the bandits and the communists within 3-6 months The 1st Campaign 1930-31

13. It failed miserably- 2 divisions were lost This campaign established the pattern for the 1st 4 campaigns The red army ( 40,000) had significantly less troops than the Nationalist Army ( 100,000 ), however through guerrilla warfare, information from the local peasants and superior use of the mountainous terrain of Jiangxi, they were able to defeat the Nationalist Army. Result?

14. The 2nd campaign launched in Feb 1931, ended with similar results as the 1st one, using expert guerilla tactics against the Nationalist Army, it forced the campaign to halt in June. By then, the Reds had been strengthened through capture of arms and defections from the Nationalists. 2nd and 3rd campaigns 1931

15. In the 3rd campaign, another 100,00 troops were committed. It began on 1st July and initially seemed to go well. Claims of success followed, however these were only premature. The Communists who avoided decisive action in the start of the campaign counter-attacked strongly on the Nationalists flank during mid-August- Resulted in both sides suffering heavy losses In 1931, another campaign was organised, however it ended in failure- during that time, the Japanese Army invaded Manchuria, Chiang was forced to cancel the expedition and turn to deal with the aggressors.

16. Began in April 1933, same time as the Japanese were breaching the Great Wall. It too failed, 250,000 men were sent, however they were outmaneuvered, the Communists then continued to increase their strength and territorial holdings during the campaigns. Chiang tried to again renew anti-Communist efforts, however when Japan started committing aggression yet again, they had no choice but to call off the campaign. 4th campaign 1933

17. It was a different matter, however. With help from German advisors, after Hitler came into power in 1933, a famous General worked out a new strategy for the Nationalist Army. Chiang followed the General’s advise and adopted the strategy of encirclement, blockade and strangulation. The blockades caused shortages of essential supplies for the Communists. This weakened them, and instead of using Guerilla tactics, strengthened their resolve to ‘stand and fight’. There was a decisive battle, a costly one for the Nationalists. 5th campaign 1933

18. By end of summer 1934, the size of Communist- held territories were reduced to 15% of that in 1932. To avoid being destroyed, they had no choice but to abandon their bases in Kiangsi.

20. During the campaigns ( 1932 ), Shanghai based party leadership had to flee to Jiangxi. Conflict erupted between those ‘ Young Bolsheviks’ and Mao and Zhu over how far the land reform programme should go. As Mao favoured a more moderate programme, Mao was removed from control of the Red army ( Aug 1932 ) and by the eve of the long march, his ranking in Jiangxi Soviet was greatly reduced. Developments in CCP during extermination campaigns

21. Ninety thousand men broke out of Jiangxi on October 19 1934. Long March often presented as a great triumph of human determination when it was in truth a ‘disastrous retreat following a devastating defeat’. Long March gave Mao leadership of the CCP. He remained the unquestioned leader until his death. By the time the Red Army left Jiangxi, Mao had been without effective power over political and military decisions in the soviet for almost two years. Dominant faction was Young Bolsheviks, together with Zhou Enlai and a German, Otto Braun. Efforts had even been made to expel Mao from the CCP or ship him to Moscow for medical treatment. The Red Army was driven west into Guizhou. They had suffered a heavy defeat at the Xiang River and halted at Zunyi to consider the future. The Long March (1934-1935)

22. Dissatisfaction with the leadership was growing. Most of the communists wanted Mao as their leader. The defeat of the Jiangxi soviet by Chiang’s troops had greatly discredited the Young Bolsheviks. Their lack of military experience was more and more apparent. January 15, meeting at Zunyi, Mao was elevated to position of Party Secretary with support of generals and old guard. He also replaced Zhou Enlai as Director of Military Affairs Commission. Mao was the dominant figure in CCP when they left Zunyi.

23. When the Red Army resumed its march north, they found the direct route to Sichuan blocked by Chiang’s forces. A brilliant series of tactical maneuvers enabled Mao to break out to the north and cross the Yangtze on May 8. Only had 25000 troops left from original 90000 but GMD efforts to defeat him were hindered because of conflicts among local warlords along Mao’s line of march. After the heroic crossing of Luding Bridge and the Great Snowy Mountains, Mao finally met up with Zhang Guotao on June 16 in northwest Sichuan.

24. Relations between Mao and Zhang were not friendly however. Although they initially agreed to join forces, Zhang and Mao soon fell out, with Zhang wishing to head south and west rather than north and east to Shaanxi as Mao had planned. Also, Zhang opposed the Zunyi decision as he felt the meeting was illegal and he was better qualified to lead the CCP. Matters came to a head on September 9 when Zhang ordered his troops to take Mao and Zhu into custody or kill them. They managed to escape with some 8000 men and eventually arrived in Shaanxi in October 1935.

25. Marched along mountainous borders of provinces like Hunan, Kwantung and Kwangsi. Since there was a traditional lack of cooperation between one province and its neighbor, they could pass through China’s interior without being seriously attacked and blocked. Many GMD officials in provinces were former warlords who preferred to preserve their own power rather to help Chiang in suppressing the communists. Warlords only defended the cities, communists could go by the undefended countryside. Communists were well disciplined and behaved well. Reasons for successful completion of the Long March

26. Mao’s leadership of CCP was accepted. Made chairman during the March. Communists who completed the March were more determined than ever to further the cause of revolution. Members were left along the route to promote the communist cause. Gained invaluable Military experience. Effects of Long March

27. Communists established their headquarters at Baoan, north west Shaanxi. Communists did not have a national following. As the threat to the nation increased, so did the up swelling of nationalism. The task was for the communists to use this force. The comintern line was now that only a completely united China, unified by an anti-imperialist national front, could save the Chinese from Japanese aggression. This implied that the CCP should form a coalition with GMD, something CCP had refused since 1927. The Second United Front

28. From their base at Baoan, the communists established contact with Zhang XueLiang, the young Marshal with anti-imperialist sentiments. Mao now set about rebuilding the Red Army and the party, establishing a base area in Shaanxi. Set about planning for rebuilding of a united front with GMD. Mao argued that the party must form a broad national revolutionary front. It was the people of China who demanded resistance to Japan. It was the responsibility of the CCP, Mao said, to take the lead, not only of the workers and peasants, but of the whole nation.

29. Mao sent a telegram from the Revolutionary Military Council of the Red Army to Chiang’s government in Nanjing to ask them to form a united front against Japan. Chiang, however, jealous of his power, refused to have anything to do with the CCP unless Mao first agreed to disband the Red Army, to submit completely to Chiang, and to allow Mao’s troops to be included in GMD’s army. This Mao would not do. All this changed after the Xian incident.

30. SEAN LOW CHEN YI Tan Wei Quan VaishakhPillay THE END https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YC2taumGz2I