Textbook pages: 463-489, 483-489, 495-503

1. Quizlet Link for Vocab http://quizlet.com/_izvef Textbook pages: 463-489, 483-489, 495-503 Exploration & Commercial Revolution,1400 - 1600

2. Concept questions • What impact did Ming China and the Ottoman Empire have on global trade? • What motivated the Europeans to explore? • How were the Inca and Aztec empires impacted by European exploration and colonization? • What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe? • What were the economic factors that led to the Commercial Revolution?

3. Ming China Goal of exploration – impress the world with Chinese achievements • Acquire silver in return for Chinese goods, foreign goods not wanted • Demand for silver funded European wars • Expand the tribute system • Many Europeans traveled to China – Marco Polo • Zheng He • Voyages were to increase economic ties between China and foreign powers in the Indian Ocean • After his death, Confucian scholars demanded a return to isolationism • This opened a power vacuum in trade which opened the door for Portuguese merchants in the Indian Ocean and furthered European exploration

4. Ottoman empire • Major crossroad for trade • Expansion of the empire resulted in disruption of European trade routes • Cut off trade with Asia through control of the eastern Mediterranean

5. Europeans explore the east: Factors encouraging exploration: • God • Spread of Christianity to combat the spread of Islam • Glory • Gained prestige for their nation as they acquired land and resources • Gold • Desire for spices, products and control of trade routes • Mercantilism – required colonies and raw materials Impact: • Created a global trade network for the first time in history • Western culture began to dominate the world

6. Technology Technological advances • Magnetic compass • Lateen sail • Caravel • Astrolabe

8. Columbian exchange • New crops led to better diets • increased demands for foods leads to more exploration, colonization, and trade

9. Columbian exchange • Impact on the Americas • New livestock – horses change transportation, cattle, sheep, pigs change diet • New foods from Africa – bananas, okra, yams, grains • Diseases – smallpox, measles, influenza • Death of natives leads to new African labor system • Impact on Europe • New foods – maize, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco, quinine, potatoes – led to increased population • Cotton & sugar gave rise to the planation system, made forced labor necessary • Impact of the Columbian exchange even reached into Asia where populations grew due to increased nutrient-rich foods

10. Impact on South American Indians (Amerindians) • Aztec • conquered by Hernando Cortes 1519-21 • Inca • conquered by Pizarro 1530-33 • Use of the horse for transportation and warfare • Conversion to Christianity • Enslavement and harsh treatment, use as a labor source • Later replaced by Africans

11. Papal Treaty of Tordesillas • Portuguese • – trading empire • *what part of new world is theirs? • Vs.: • Spanish • - Territorial conquest of land • Sent conquistadores & • Jesuits missionaries

12. Latin America • Viceroys – sent to rule an empire larger than Spain • - Wealth sent to Spain, strongest power in Europe • Encomienda: labor system – natives farmed, ranched or mined for Spanish landlords (un-free, coercive labor) • Colonial Society: • Peninsulares– Spanish born, officials and land owners • Creoles– Spanish background, born in the New World • Mestizos– mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry • Native Americans – performed most of the hard labor • *Brazil – ruled by Portuguese • Native Americans dying from European diseases: small pox, measles, typhus • Need a new source of labor – importation of Africans

13. The Atlantic slave trade • Captured by neighboring tribes • African leaders showed political power by exchanging slaves for guns and gold • Led to more fighting between African nations • Africans begin producing goods for Europe, primarily ivory sculptures • Europeans controlled only coastal areas – later cures for diseases led to interior travel • Previously exposed to European diseases • “Middle Passage” • Plantations caused an increase in demand • Christianity spread to Africa • African culture (food, music, art) left a lasting impact on American culture Interior of a Slave Ship:

14. Triangle of Trade or Great Circuit

15. Slave Routes Triangle of Trade

16. Africans capture Africans

17. Were Blacks captured for slavery, or were they sold because they were captives? “Am I not a Man and a Brother?”

18. Slave coast: Black Gold Gold Coast & the Slave Coast

19. Development of the slave trade • Phase I • Started in the 600’s when Muslim traders took African slaves to Southwest Asia. They were treated as servants and had rights. • Phase II • 1500’s, Europeans joined and expanded the African slave trade to replace the natives in the Americas. Slaves had no rights and were treated harshly. • Process • Many African rulers captured fellow Africans to trade with Europeans for guns and goods. • Effects • 1) Encouraged African warfare between tribes • 2) Disrupted African culture and left bitterness and violence • 3) Increased cultural diffusion between continents

20. Influence of British Slave Trade • William Wilberforce • Led the abolitionist movement in Britain • Inspired abolition movements around the world • Introduced a bill to abolish the slave trade • 1807 – Slave Trade Act • 1833 – Slavery Abolition Act

21. Slavery Today? Contemporary forms of slavery According to the International Labour organisation (ILO), there are today 200 million slaves in the world : child labour, house slaves, prostitution and others.

22. Commercial revolution • Increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business • Cause: Exploration > Colonies > Atlantic Trade > Profits • Effects: • Economies changed from local to global • As trade increased across continents, new business practices developed 1) Capitalism – privately owned businesses have the right to earn profits on investments 2) Joint-Stock Company – investors start a business together by pooling their money and sharing profits and losses 3) Mercantilism – more wealth = more power (for nations)