第一章 緒 論

1. 第一章　　緒　論

2. 第一章 緒　論 1.1 微生物世界之發現 1.2 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界 1.3 微生物之巨大機能 1.4 微生物之篩選與保存 1.5 微生物之育種 1.6 共創人類幸福的微生物

3. 緒論(p1-55) 1. 微生物世界之發現(p1-6) 2. 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界(p7-27) 3. 微生物之巨大機能(p28-31) 4. 微生物之篩選與保存(p32-42) 5. 微生物之育種(p43-44) 6. 共創人類幸福的微生物(p45-53)

4. 微生物學 (Microbiology)(p2) Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopicorganisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes such as bacteria and certain algae. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. Microbiology is a broad term which includes many branches like virology, mycology, parasitology and others. A person who specializes in the area of microbiology is called a microbiologist.

5. 微生物學 (Microbiology)(p2) Although much is now known in the field of microbiology, advances are being made regularly. We have probably only studied about 1% of all of the microbes on Earth. Thus, despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology could be said to be in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines such as zoology, botany and entomology.

6. 微生物體積大小依序為黴菌、酵母菌、細菌、病毒，其中微生物體積大小依序為黴菌、酵母菌、細菌、病毒，其中 病毒因體積小而需藉由電子顯微鏡使得觀察。

7. 病毒直徑約為0.1μm、細菌直徑約為1μm；酵母菌及黴菌菌病毒直徑約為0.1μm、細菌直徑約為1μm；酵母菌及黴菌菌 絲直徑約為10μm。由於人體肉眼可辨識之界限為100μm， 因而病毒需藉由電子顯微鏡放大10,000倍（放大為1,000μm左 右）；其餘的微生物則需藉由光學顯微鏡放大1,000倍（放大 為約1,000-10,000μm左右）。

8. 微生物世界之發現 雷恩和克發現微生物之存在(p4) 巴斯德發現微生物之功能(p5) 科霍完成微生物之分離與純培養(p6)

9. 雷恩和克發現微生物之存在(p4) 最先發現微生物的存在 自然發生說(spontaneous generation) 非生源論(abiogenesis)-------------錯誤的 生源論(biogenesis)-----------------正確的

10. Bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek Bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, derived from the Greekβακτηριον meaning "small stick". While van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of molds, was made earlier in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

11. Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898) The field of bacteriology (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) is generally considered to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria.

12. Pasteur and Robert Koch Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910) were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology.

13. An agar plate streaked with microorganisms

14. 巴斯德 (Louis Pasteur)

15. 巴斯德發現微生物之功能(p5) 鵝頸瓶(swan neck flask) 巴氏滅菌法(pasteurization) 炭疽病疫苗&狂犬病疫苗 微生物學之父

16. Theory of spontaneous generation Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies.

17. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) was a Frenchchemist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. His experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal fever (childbed), and he created the first vaccine for rabies. He is best known to the general public for showing how to stop milk and wine from going sour - this process came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.

18. 科霍完成微生物之分離與純培養(p6) 培養基(medium, media) 純培養技術(pure culture techniques) 科霍假說(Koch’s postulates) 發現病原菌:炭疽菌(Bacillus anthracis) 細菌學之父

19. Germ theory of disease Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.

20. 1.1 微生物世界之發現 巴斯德藉由鵝頸瓶實驗，而證實微生物生源論。

21. 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界(p7-27) 量多且雜之微生物 生活環境中之微生物 惡名昭彰的壞菌 默默行善的好菌

22. 1.2 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界 空氣所含氣體以黴菌孢子最多，其中尤以黴菌屬（Aspergillus） 及分枝孢子菌屬（Cladosporium）之孢子居多。

23. 1.2 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界 霍亂毒素係由 A1、B、A2 所組成。藉由 B 與動物細胞膜的親 合性結合，屬於霍亂毒素致命因子的A1因而得以深入細胞膜內 。

26. 微生物之巨大機能(p28-31) 微生物之六大優點 1. 體積小表面積卻大 2. 培養簡單 3. 繁殖迅速 4. 於溫和條件下進行 5. 菌株育種容易進行 6. 種類多

27. 1.2 龍蛇雜處之微生物世界

28. 1.3 微生物之巨大機能

29. 微生物之篩選與保存(p32-42) 微生物之篩選 1. 鏈黴素生產菌之篩選 2. PCR酵素生產菌之篩選 微生物之純培養技術 培養細菌: NA(固體培養基, pH7), NB(液體培養基, pH7) 培養黴菌: PDA(固體培養基, pH5), PDB(液體培養基, pH5) 微生物之保存 BCRC: Bioresource Collection and Research Center ATCC: American Type Culture Collection

30. 1.4 微生物之篩選與保存

31. 生物復育 (Bioreclamation)

32. Taq polymerase (p37) Taq polymerase ("Taq Pol," or simply "Taq") is a thermostable polymerase used in polymerase chain reaction to check for the presence or absence of a gene by amplifying a DNA fragment. It replaced E.coliDNA polymerase in PCR because of the temperature conditions of PCR. First isolated from Thermus aquaticus (hence the abbreviation "Taq"), a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, Taq was identified as the first polymerase able to withstand the denaturing conditions required during PCR. Its enzymatic halflife (at 95 degrees Celsius) is 40 min.

33. 生物復育 (Bioreclamation) Bioreclamation uses microorganisms to treat contaminated soils and ground water. Bacteria and nutrients are injected into the soil or ground water, or extracted ground water is treated and re-injected. It has been successfully used to remove non-halogenated organics, but is often infeasible due to hydrogeologic conditions, soil acidity or alkalinity, soil permeability, or variations in soil temperature. Bioreclamation is generally effective for aqueous wastes where concentrations are less than 1%. As with all biological treatments, stable, consistent operating conditions are required. Bioreclamation isn't suitable for highly chlorinated organics, aliphatics, amines, and aromatic compounds. Heavy metals and organic chemicals may kill the microorganisms. Heavy metals and non-biodegradable organics may also concentrate in the sludge. Hydrogen sulfide gas may also be released.

34. 1.4 微生物之篩選與保存 細菌及黴菌之生長最適酸鹼值，分別約為pH7及pH5。因而市 售培養基，例如NA（或NB）及PDA（或PDB）之酸鹼值， 皆已分別調整為pH7及pH5。

36. 微生物之育種(p43-44) 變異 1. 物理法: 紫外線, 輻射線 2. 化學法: 鹼基類化物, 烷化劑, 亞硝酸 工業微生物之育種 遺傳性穩定, 純而無污染, 複製數多, 生長旺盛迅素, 培養 時間短, 可長期保存, 可基因突變, 生產力具再現性, 高產量, 高回收率等

37. 1.5 微生物之育種

38. 共創人類幸福的微生物(p45-53) 地球原住民的微生物 微生物知識有待大家來認識 微生物亦會捉狂 共創人類幸福的微生物

39. 1.6 共創人類幸福的微生物

40. 1.6 共創人類幸福的微生物

41. 1.6 共創人類幸福的微生物

42. 1.6 共創人類幸福的微生物 具葉綠素的生物（例如植物）藉由光合作用，將太陽所提供 的太陽能，以化學能的方式儲存於例如澱粉或纖維素之類的 生體成分，植物因而被歸屬為生產者。至於諸如兔子之類的 動物，因需藉由攝食植物而被歸屬為消費者。不論是生產者 或消費者，其代謝物或殘骸（屍體）終由微生物分解為小分 子，提供植物生長所需。微生物因而被歸屬為分解者。

43. Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park

44. Hot springs in Yangmingshan, Taiwan

45. "Blood Pond" hot spring in Beppu, Japan

46. Taq polymerase Taq polymerase ("Taq Pol," or simply "Taq") is a thermostable polymerase used in polymerase chain reaction to check for the presence or absence of a gene by amplifying a DNA fragment. It replaced E.coliDNA polymerase in PCR because of the temperature conditions of PCR. First isolated from Thermus aquaticus (hence the abbreviation "Taq"), a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, Taq was identified as the first polymerase able to withstand the denaturing conditions required during PCR. Its enzymatic halflife (at 95 degrees Celsius) is 40 min.

47. Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be winegrapes.

48. Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes.

49. Red yeast rice (紅麴米"), red fermented rice, red kojic rice, red koji rice, or ang-kak(being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus)

50. 危險!! 沙門桿菌的太空進化