CSI Challenge

1. CSI Challenge 2012

2. Computer Forensics at the CSI Challenge • Provides the backstory behind the crime • Provides pertinent information related to the motive behind the crime • Requires the use of 2 software packages: • Forensics Tool Kit (FTK) • Version 1.8.0 or 1.8.1 • S-Tools • Software must be downloaded on your laptop prior to the competition

3. Evaluation = 5 Critical Skills • Creating & Opening a Computer Forensics Case • Finding Hidden Data in Slack Space or Unallocated Space • Finding a Recently Deleted File • Finding a File with an Improper File Extension • Finding a Stego’d Image or Data Hidden in a JPG File

4. 1. Creating & Opening a Computer Forensics Case • How you do it? • Start FTK and Create a New Case • Add evidence • Save the case on exiting • Once created you only need to start FTK and open an existing file to continue working on the case

5. What is a “Case”? • A case represents an ‘incident’ • You will need to supply: • Name or number of Case • Investigator’s name • Evidence to be added to the case • New cases can be Created • You can Open existing cases previously created

6. 1.A. FTK • Should run in “administrator mode” • Right-click FTK icon and select “run as administrator” • Or… click properties, and select appropriate option for icon (then you won’t need to repeat each FTK startup) • You may receive a prompt looking for “security device” • It’s OK to run without the dongle or security device • USB “dongle” is required to run FTK in “Full Mode” • Also might ask for “Code Meter • We’re running in Demo Mode • Limits us to 5,000 files in the case, but otherwise fully functional!

7. KFF Hash Library • Known File Filter • Used to “ignore” Known Files • OK to load FTK without KFF

8. Startup • Select the appropriate option • Generally you’ll either be creating new case or opening an existing case

9. New Case • Enter Captions for • Case Number • I chose LIPD-2012-0001 • Long Island Police Dept., Case 1 of 2012 • Case Name • Something meaningful • Case Path • The folder where case saved on hard drive • The default is the case name

10. Case setup (cont.) • Enter information about investigator • Next screen • Case Log Options • Select all options • Next screen • Processes to perform • Keep default values • Next screen • Refine case • Accept defaults • Next screen • Refine index • Accept defaults • Next screen

12. 1.B. Finally… Add Evidence Click “Add Evidence”

13. What is Evidence • Information to be added to the Case • Acquired forensic “image” of Drive • This is a single file, but contains contents of an entire drive!!! • Similar to a “zip file” • Also referred to as • “image file” • Bitstream file • Bit-for-bit image file • This “image file” is captured and produced by some forensic software or utility program • Viewed with forensic software which “understands” the file structure • It is NOTthe same as a GIF or JPEG, which is a PICTURE type of image file and IS a single file • Local Drive (not on CSI 2012) • Attached to the system and addressable as a disk drive • For example, the C: or E: disk • Could include a CD, DVD, USB, etc.. • Contents of a Folder • Individual File

14. Add… Acquired Image • Hard Drive “Image files” captured earlier • *.img ending added by creator • Other endings dependent on software used to create them • Created earlier by someone using • Utility program or Forensic software

15. Adding the Acquired Image File • Fill in captions • Evidence Name/Number • For example, an item number of the evidence list • Serial number, if unique • Comments (optional) • How acquired or unusual circumstances, etc.. • Local Evidence Time Zone • -05:00 for NY timezone • Don’t forget about Daylight Savings, if it applies! • Used for time comparisons All Evidence Added. Click “Next”

16. Finish adding evidence • After clicking “Finish” • FTK will Process Files • Add them to the case

17. FTK processing added evidence • As part of adding evidence FTK will • Keep track of certain items and summarize them • Build an “index” of words or terms encountered • Can be used to short-cut a search • Can be used to identify words in the entire case • Might provide insight into something not normally considered • For example, seeing “gun”, “secret” or “password” as one of the words in the index

18. 1. Opening a Computer Forensics Case (cont)…what you’ll see • FTK presents 3 “panes” or “panels” by default • Users can configure the placement if desired • FTK provides a list of “summary” buttonswith counts • Clicking on these can bring up those items in a detail pane so that you focus on them • Bad extensions • Image files • Deleted files • Documents • Unknown types • Folders • Bookmarked items • etc

19. FTK Panes/Panels • Tabs on the main window • Overview • Explore • Graphics • Email • Search • Bookmark

20. Overview • Shows general information about the case • Selection in one “pane” shows details in another “pane” or sub-window

21. Still in “Overview” • The “bad extensions” shows 7 files in the bottom pane • Selecting one of the files in the bottom pane shows the contents in the 3rd pane (upper right)

22. Overview (cont.) • File list contains information about files • “X” icon indicates deleted file • File extension might indicate one type of file • In reality, another type of file

23. Explore Tab • Shows a “Windows Explorer” style of presentation • 3 evidence items seen • Each has sub-items • Collapsible or expandable levels • Click on Plus or Minus signs to expand/collapse views • Selected item is shown in 3rd pane • List of items in the selected item are shown in bottom (2nd) pane • Clicking on one of these will present that item in the 3rd (top-right) pane

24. Same item… different view of it • Icons at top of 3rd pane • Alter the “presentation” of data • View as native application • Text view • Hexadecimal view • It’s the same data, just a different way of viewing it!

25. Selecting a single file • The following demonstrates what a user sees if selecting a single file in Explorer Tab

26. Giants Tickets.doc • Selecting Giants Tickets.doc in Explorer Tab • Word document • Really made up of different “components” • Selecting the file shows an item list of components in the file • File slack is one of them

27. Graphics Tab • Shows a pane with thumbnails of images in the currently selected item in your case

28. 1.C. How to exit and save • On the main menu • Select “File” • Close • Closes the case, remains in FTK • Save • Allows you to continue working on the case • Exit • Allows you to save (and backup.. Optional) the case • Shuts down FTK

29. 2. Finding Hidden Data in Slack Space • What is “Slack Space”? • It’s disk space which belongs to a file, but is not considered part of the file’s data • Happens because of the way the system allocates disk space to files • How does the system give disk space to a file? • By “clusters”… a collection of 1 or more disk “sectors” • A “sector” is 512 bytes (depends on the system) • A cluster can be 1, 2, 4, or 8 sectors • Files are written in these clusters, and don’t normally fill up an entire sector or cluster • Two types of “Slack Space” • Ram slack • Disk space after the file data and before the end of that sector • File slack • Disk space in sectors not used by the file, but belonging to the file

30. 2. Finding Hidden Data in Slack Space (cont) • What’s the significance of “slack space”? • Contents of RAM slack is generally whatever was in memory when the file was saved last • Might be a password, credit card number, etc.. Or garbage • File slack’s contents can simply be whatever was left over and not erased when no longer needed by some other file • Maybe even another user created that other file • Slack can be used to hide information • It’s not visible to users • It won’t be “grabbed” by system and overwritten

31. 2. Finding Hidden Data in Slack Space (cont) • In OverviewTab • Select Slack/Free Space button • Details pane contains all slack/free space items • Full Path describes where that slack space is located • In a specific file • It’s part of the file, but not part of the data itself • Comes after the “end of file” marker • Do a “search” • Word might appear in “slack”, which might indicate an attempt at hiding something

32. Slack: Overview Tab

33. Slack: Specific File • Start from the “Explore” Tab • Locate the file (Giants Tickets.doc) • This file is deleted • Highlight the file in Explore • You’ll see: • Pane 2 (Lower pane): list of embedded “stuff” in the file, INCLUDING FileSlack • Pane 3 (Upper right): The document as presented by FTK believing it to be a “Word doc” • Then… in pane 2, select “File Slack” and observe what’s displayed in pane 3

34. Slack: Search • Conduct a search • Examine the returned “hits” of the search • Search results (“hits”) indicate where the occurrence was • Even if in slack space • Each “hit” also shows the data immediately before and after the “hit” phrase

35. Searching • Click the SEARCH tab • As you type a word or “character string” • Indexed words in case show up • Once you’ve found or typed your search term • ADD it to the search • You’ll see # of hits • You’ll see # of files containing those “hits”

36. Searching • Select the “hits” for the search item • Then “View Item Results” • You can use “AND” or “OR” logic when looking for multiple search items in the same file • AND requires all to be present • OR requires any one of them to be present

37. Searching • Indexed vs. Live • Indexed • Looks up terms indexed by FTK as evidence was added • Live • Looks up a term which wasn’t necessarily in the index built by FTK • Options • Text • ASCII • UNICODE • CASE SENSITIVE • REGULAR EXPRESSION • Hexadecimal

38. Live Search • Keep ASCII and Unicode selected • They’re both defaults • Default is “ignore case” • Won’t care if upper or lower • Will take time • Searches the entire case • Regular expressions (NOT IN CSI 2012) • A “pattern” to match • Zip code • Telephone number • Social security number • Credit card number • Hexadecimal • Look for “non-printable” character values

39. 3. Finding a Recently Deleted File • How do you find a deleted file? • Overview Tab • Select the summary button for Deleted Files • All those files appear in the lower pane • In the Explorer Tab • You can view the “directory structure” in the 1st pane • Deleted files appear with a red “X” on the icon of the file or folder • Deleted files are often recoverable • You need to EXPORT the file

40. 3. Finding a Recently Deleted File (cont)

41. 3. Finding a Recently Deleted File (cont) • Why could this be significant? • Investigator might recover information the suspect was attempting to hide or destroy • might demonstrate intent to evade detection • It can be demonstrated that a large number of files were deleted • Just prior to execution of a search warrant • After being interviewed by the police • After receiving a call from a victim or conspirator • When taken into account, might provide circumstantial evidence of intent

42. 4. Finding a File with an Improper File Extension • How you do it? • Overview Tab • Find the Summary Button for “Bad Extensions” • Pane 2 lists all those files • Explorer Tab • Navigate to the location • Pane 2 shows files in that location, with additional information for each file

43. Exporting a file • What is “exporting”? • Exporting allows an investigator to • Select a file or files • Save them as discrete files to another location outside of the FTK Case file • Why? • Allows investigators to process the exported file “natively” using applications such as Word, Excel, Paint, etc • Some files must be processed natively (for example a Stego’d file must be exported and handled using S-Tools as explained in section 5) • Can burn to a DVD and give to DA or other investigator • Allows investigator to consolidate items of interest in one place and present only those items

44. Exporting a file • How do you export a file? • Select the file (highlight it) in Explorer Tab • Right-click on the file, and “Export it”

45. 4. Finding a File with an Improper File Extension • How do we find the file? • Overview Tab • Click on the “Improper Name” summary button • Explorer Tab • In pane 2 (lower pane), improper file extensions will be noted

46. 4. Finding a File with an Improper File Extension (cont) • What it means • It might be a deliberate attempt to evade detection and hide information • Information might be important • It could also just be a mistake on the part of the user • File saved or renamed with the wrong extension

47. 4. Finding a File with an Improper File Extension (cont) • How do I process a file with an “Improper File Extension”? • Note the type of file it really should be • Export the file • Use the appropriate software to view the file, according to the “real type” of file it is

48. 5. Finding a Stego’d Image or Data Hidden in a JPEG File • How you do it? • Certain files, such as Windows “BMP” files, can be “containers” • Software such as S-Tools can hide information inside these “container files” • Locate a suspected “stego’d” file (the container file) • Should be a “BMP” file • Export it from FTK’s Case • This saves it as a separate file you can then process outside of FTK • Use S-Tools to extract the “message file” from the “container file” • Password or a passphrase might be required!

49. 5. Finding a Stego’d Image or Data Hidden in a JPEG File • Open S-Tools • Drag the “exported” file believed to be a “container file” into S-Tools

50. 5. Finding a Stego’d Image or Data Hidden in a JPEG File (cont) • Right-click the “container” in S-Tools • Select “Reveal” • When prompted, provide the “passphrase” • Can be a single word or a phrase • Could be case sensitive • A “revealed archive” window shows with the hidden file name and size • Select the file in the “Reveal Archive” box • Right-click the file you wish to extract from the container file • Save as… • Choose a location • You’ve now successfully extracted the hidden message!