Vocabulary

1. Vocabulary • Napoleon- The military genius who became ruler of France. • Napoleonic Code- A system of laws for France created by Napoleon that promoted order & authority over individual rights.

2. Warm-Up • What was the Directory?

3. Napoleon

4. Military Hero • Born on the island of Corsica • Family were minor nobles • When he was 20 years old, he became a lieutenant in the army • Military successes • 1793, drove British forces out of the Port of Toulon • Led expedition to Egypt • Disaster • However, important discovery made-Rosetta Stone

5. Napoleon overthrows the Directory • 1799, Directory is corrupt and a failure • Napoleon sets up 3 man governing board, The Consulate • New Constitution is created • Napoleon names himself 1st Consul • 1802 becomes consul for life • 1804 he became so powerful he declared himself emperor

6. Each step in his rise to power was legitimate • Napoleon held plebiscites • Ballots which voters say yes or no on an issue • He was always strongly supported!

7. Napoleon’s Rule • Stability and Order • Regulated the economy, controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads • Public schools • Concordat of 1801 • Made peace with Roman Catholic Church • Allows religious freedom but Church still under state control • Encouraged emigres to return to France • Allowed peasants to retain land purchased from Church and nobles during Revolution

8. Napoleonic Code • New Law Code • Embodied Enlightenment principles • Equality before the law • Religious toleration • Advancement based on merit • He also undid reforms of the Revolution • Women lost many of the rights they gained • Considered minors before the law

9. Creates the Grand Empire • 1804-1814 • Annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany • He placed friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe • Placed his brother on the throne of Spain • Divorced his wife to marry a Hapsburg princess • Allowed him to claim kinship to the ancient ruling families of Europe

10. France vs. Britain • Britain was their main enemy • Napoleon wanted to invade England • 1805, French fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar • Napoleon instead wages an economic war through the Continental System • Closed European ports to British goods • Britain responds with blockade of European ports • Failed to destroy Britain and hurts French economy

11. Downfall of Napoleon • Tsar Alexander I resigns from Continental system • Napoleon responds by invading with 600,000 soldiers from France and other European countries • Disaster

12. To avoid Napoleon’s army, Russia retreats east and used “Scorched Earth Policy” • Burned villages and crops as they went • Policy left Napoleon’s army hungry and cold • Famine, snow and ice defeat Napoleon

13. Napoleon retreats • Only 100, 000 of 600,000 survived • Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeat Napoleon • Napoleon’s reputation is shattered • Napoleon is forced to abdicate his thrown • He is exiled to the island of Elba • Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, is made King

14. Napoleon Returns • Napoleon escapes from Elba and returns to France • Louis XVIII runs away • March 1815 Napoleon becomes Emperor

15. Waterloo • Defeated after only 100 days • Duke of Wellington crushes the French in the Battle of Waterloo • Napoleon is exiled once again, this time to St. Helena, never to return

16. Congress of Vienna • September 1814-June 1815 • Important players: • Prince Metternich of Austria • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Lord Castlereagh of Britain

17. Goals of Vienna • Create a long lasting Peace • Restore the balance of Power to Europe • Restore the ruling families that were in power before French Revolution • No one nation should be strong enough the threaten the security of the other

18. Closing • What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?