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Infectious diseases in childhood

Infectious diseases in childhood. Ola Breiland and Tone Havåg Bjørlo 09.10.2015. Infectious diseases are caused by microbes. How are they spread. Pertussis(Wopping Cough). Cause: it is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria

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Infectious diseases in childhood

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  1. Infectious diseases in childhood Ola Breiland and Tone Havåg Bjørlo 09.10.2015

  2. Infectious diseases are caused by microbes

  3. How are they spread

  4. Pertussis(Wopping Cough) • Cause:it is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria • Transmission: -Airborne and indirect contact
 -Incubation period is usually 7-10 days, the child is contagious usually from when first symptom develop(1-2 weeks before severe cough starts). -If the child is started on antibiotic therapy it is not infectious after 5 days of treatment.
 -To prevent spread: isolation, antibiotics, immunization, routine practice.
 • Sign and symptoms: -Runny nose, low grade fever and mild cough
 -Cough becomes worse after 1-2 weeks
 -The child will cough rapid and violently until there is no air left in their lungs, it will then inhale with the characteristic ¨whooping¨ sound.
 - Chough can cause child to vomit
 • Complications: -Apnea -Pneumonia -Seizures -1% will die -Encephalopathy

  5. Pertussis(Wopping Cough) • Diagnosis: -Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR or culture) - Aspirate
 - Clinical history • Treatment: • Early treatment of pertussis is very important. The earlier a person, especially an infant starts treatment, the better. • -Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are preferred for the treatment of pertussis in persons 1 month of age and older. 
Pertussis vaccines are recommended for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. • Five doses of DTaP(Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis) are recommended for children 2 months through 6 years of age. One dose of Tdap is recommended for those 11 years or older, with a preferred administration at 11 or 12 years of age. • Tdap is also recommended for pregnant women.

  6. Mumps (to fill the mouth too full) • Cause: Parotitis-virus • Transmission: Spread though saliva/mucus from mouth, nose or throat. • Symptoms appears 16-18 days after infection • Most people recover completely in a few weeks • Signs and Symptoms: - Best known for puffy cheeks and swollen jaw, a result of swollen salivary gland - Fever - Headache - Muscle aches - Loss of appetite - Tiredness • Complications: - Inflammation of the brain, testicles, ovaries, meninges and deafness • Treatment/Vaccine: - MMR(mumps, measles, rubella) vaccine prevents most, but not all cases ( one dose: 78%, two doses; 88%) - The first dose at 12 through 15 months of age, second at 12 years of age (Norway)

  7. Rubella (little red) • Cause: rubella virus • Transmission: Contact with an infected person, through coughing and sneezing • Signs and Symptoms: - Half of the cases is without any symptoms -Rash in the face that spreads to the body. -Low fever -swollen glads (before the rash) - Aching joints -These symptoms lasts 2 or 3 days • Complications: - Birth defects if acquired by a pregnant woman: - deafness - Cataracts - Heart defects - Mental retardation - Liver/spleen damage • Treatment: Rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine)

  8. Scarlet Fever(Strep Throat) • Cause:is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus or "group A strep." This illness affects a small percentage of people who have strep throat or, less commonly, streptococcal skin infections.
 • Transmission:-Indirect route of transsmission-Best way to prevent spreadning of disease is to wash your hands!! • Sign and symptoms: • A very red, sore throat • A fever (38,3 Celsius or above) • A red rash with a sandpaper feel • Bright red skin in underarm, elbow and groin creases • A whitish coating on the tongue or back of the throat • A "strawberry" tongue • Headache • Nausea or vomiting • Abdominal pain • Swollen glands • Body aches

  9. Scarlet Fever(Strep Throat) • Diagnosis-Throat swab, check for step
-Labratory tests(Crp. etc.)
-Clinical findings • Treatment- Amoxicillin for 10 days - If allergic to penicillin Erythromycin may be used.

  10. Epstein Barr Virus(mononucleosis) • Cause: -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 -EBV is found all over the world, and most people get infected with EBV at some point in their lives • Transmission: -EBV spreads most commonly through body fluids, especially saliva(kissing) -However, EBV can also spread through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations. Symptoms: • fatigue • fever • inflamed throat • swollen lymph nodes in the neck • enlarged spleen • swollen liver • rash

  11. Complications:
 EBV can be the cause of many serious complications, admittence to hospital help to prevent this form happening. 
Here are some examples: • Viral meningitis (swelling of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord) • Encephalitis (swelling of the brain) • Hepatosplenomegaly • Guillain-Barré syndrome (an immune system disease) • Acute cerebellar ataxia (sudden uncoordinated muscle movement) • Hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) • Sleep disorders • Treatment:
 There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. You can help protect yourself by not kissing or sharing drinks, food, or personal items, like toothbrushes, with people who have EBV infection. • drinking fluids to stay hydrated • getting plenty of rest • taking over-the-counter medications for pain and fever

  12. Varicella Zoster Virus(Chickenpox) • Cause:VZV is a member of the herpes virus group,VZV has the capacity to persist as a latent infection in dorsal root or extra medullary cranial ganglia.
 • Transmission:-Airborne
-Direct contact - From mother to child Incubation period is usually 8-21 days and the person is contagious from 2 days before spots appear and until all blisters have crusted. To prevent spread= routine practice, isolation, immunization. • Sign and symptoms: - Slight fever before rash develops • - Rash usually first appears on body, face and scalp and than it spreads to limbs.
 - Rash first begins as small flatt macules that develop into fluid filled blisters with puritus.
 - The blister will break and cause sores with crust, which can cause scarring.
 - It usually last for 10 days
 • Complications: • Bacterial infection of skin lesions • Pneumonia • CNS manifistations • Reye syndrome • Death 1 per 60,000 cases

  13. Varicella Zoster Virus(Chickenpox) • Diagnosis:-Usually just clinical diagnosis
- Serologic testing
-Antibody testing
 • Treatment:-Acyclovir, but is not recommended for uncomplicated varicella in healthy children.
 • -Intravenous acyclovir is recommended for primary varicella or recurrent zoster in immunocompromised children and for viral-mediated complications of varicella in normal individuals.Vaccine:
 ◦The vaccine appears to be safe and effective. ◦Vaccination prevents illness in normal individuals. ◦Vaccination prevents serious complications in the immunocompromised. ◦Persistent immunity is produced in almost all normal vaccinees. ◦Immunocompromised persons and adults may require two doses of vaccine.

  14. Herpes Zoster(Shingles) • Reflects reactivation of latent VZV infection.• Reactivation is associated with aging, immunosuppression, in utero exposure to varicella, and postnatal varicella occurring before 18 months of age. • Approximately 300,000 cases are estimated to occur annually, and 5% are recurrences. No seasonal variation is known. • Herpes zoster is not a notifiable condition. • In the immunocompromised, zoster can disseminate, causing generalized skin lesions, and central nervous system pulmonary, and hepatic involvement.

  15. Enteroviral infections • Group of single-stranded RNA viruses • Millions affected, and thousands are hospitalized each year • Transmission: Close contact with an infected person, and by touching objects/surfaces that have the virus on them • Children and teenagers are more likely to get infected because they do not yet have immunity from previous exposure to the viruses • Symptoms: Most people do not get sick/only mild illnesses • Fever • Runny nose, sneezing • Skin rash • Mouth blisters

  16. Some enteroviruses infections can cause serious diseases like: - viral conjuctivitis - hand, foot and mouth disease - viral meninigitis - viral encephalitis - myocarditis - pericarditis - acute flaccid paralysis Prevention/treatment: • There is no vaccine to protect you from enterovirus infection! • Difficult to prevent because of mild or nonspecific symptoms • But you can help by washing your hands, clean frequently touched surfaces and good hygiene in general

  17. Sources • http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/hcp.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html
http://search.cdc.gov/search?query=scarlet+fever&utf8=✓&affiliate=cdc-main
http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-mono.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/mumps/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e, • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963637-overview • http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html • http://www.cdc.gov/non-polio-enterovirus/about/prevention-treatment.html

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