Test #2 Lecture notes

1. Test #2 Lecture notes The Constitution and New Nation VUS5-6

2. State Constitutions • Virginia Declaration of Rights—George Mason • Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should not be violated by governments • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom—Thomas Jefferson • Outlawed the established church—the government would not favor just one church—idea of religious freedom • Bill of Rights—James Madison • Madison consulted the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom when creating amendments that would eventually become the Bill of Rights

3. The Articles of Confederation • After the Revolution, American political leaders were afraid to create a powerful central government like that of Great Britain • Thus, the new leaders of the American Nation created the Articles of Confederation • The Articles of Confederation: • Provided for a weak national government—power wrested with the state, not federal government • Congress had NO power to tax or regulation commerce between the states • No common currency ($) was created for the new nation—each state could have its own $ • Each state had only 1 vote regardless of the state’s size • There was NO executive (president) or judicial (supreme court) branch

4. Articles of Confederation Video

5. Northwest Ordinance (1787) • Established rules for the organization of land west of the Appalachian Mountains • Provided rules for electing assemblies in the western territories • Laid out the process through which a territory could become a state • Stated that all new states would be equal to the original 13 states • Protected civil liberties in the territories • Placed limits on the expansion of slavery in the new territories • Territories south of the Ohio River could have slavery • Territories north of the Ohio River could not have slavery • The states actually worked together on the Northwest Ordinance

6. Factors leading to theConstitutional Convention • The Articles of Confederation proved to be ineffective • Several factors will lead the government to look into making changes to the Articles of Confederation • Boundary disputes between states • Poor foreign relations • Unpaid war debts • Falling crop prices • Shay’s Rebellion

7. Shay’s Rebellion • Led by Daniel Shays in Mass. • Farmers were heavily in debt after the Revolutionary War • The Mass. government began taking their farms for payment • In 1786, Shays called together 2,000 angry farmers and attacked the court house at Springfield. • The state government raised an army and ended the rebellion • The significance of Shay’s rebellion: • The Articles of Confederation had given the national government too little power • Americans were worried that the national government could not maintain order

8. Development of the Constitution—The constitutional Convention • A convention was convened and met in Philadelphia to amend the Articles, but a new Constitution was eventually created and the Articles were tossed out • Key leaders of the Convention • George Washington • President of the Convention • Rarely participated in the debates • James Madison—”Father of the Constitution” • Usually led the debates • Kept very detailed notes and records of the proceedings • Created the “Virginia Plan”—proposed the idea of 3 branches of government which became the foundation of the new government • He later created the Bill of Rights which were added to the Constitution

9. James Madison

10. Key issues and Principles of the US Constitution • Made federal law the supreme law of the land when constitutional • States still had considerable leeway to govern themselves • Checks and Balances (Separation of Powers)—Madison’s “Virginia Plan” • Created 3 co-equal branches of government—Executive (enforces laws—president), Judicial (decides constitutionality of laws—Supreme Court), Legislative (makes laws—Congress) • Helped to avoid a too-powerful central government • Creation of the Senate • Helped to balance the power by large and small states • Each state, regardless of size, has 2 Senators • Creation of House of Representatives • The number of representatives for each state is determined by the state’s population—larger populated states have more representatives

11. Key issues and Principles of the US Constitution (Continued) • 3/5 Compromise • An attempt at making Southern states happy • Counted slaves as 3/5 of the population when determining representation in the House of Rep. • Limited powers of the federal government to those in the Constitution • Amendments

12. Ratification Process • Before the Constitution could take effect, it had to be ratified, or approved by the states • 9 of the 13 states had to ratify the Constitution for the document to take effect

13. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Not everyone in the newly formed United States was in favor of ratifying the newly drafted Constitution • Some were afraid the Constitution would create a too powerful central government (Anti-federalists) • Wanted a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution before ratification—without the Bill of Rights, the Constitution would not have been ratified • These Anti-federalists were more conservative • The leading Virginian opponents (against) to ratifying the Constitution were Patrick Henry and George Mason • Others believed the new nation needed a strong central government to promote economic development (Federalists) • The Federalists saw the federal government as needed to solve national problems • The leading Virginian proponents (in favor of) of ratifying the Constitution were George Washington and James Madison

14. Patrick Henry

15. George Mason

16. The Federalists Papers • A collection of letters published in newspapers by the Federalists explaining the ideas expressed in the Constitution • Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay • The Federalist Papers were designed to persuade the American people to ratify the Constitution

17. Bill of Rights • The Anti-Federalists would only ratify the Constitution if a Bill of Rights was added—a series of amendments to the Constitution • Guarantees the rights of individuals and states • Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

18. Early National Period—Development of competing Political parties • Several factors helped to create competing political parties in America’s early government • National Bank Controversy • Washington and Hamilton created the Bank of the United States • Hamilton and Jefferson greatly disagreed that Congress had the power to create the bank because the Constitution did not give this power to Congress • Hamilton argued that Congress had the “implied power” to create a national bank because of the “necessary and proper” clause • Greatly extended Congress’s power and led to the Whiskey Rebellion

19. Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 • Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a tax on whiskey • Washington sent an armed force against the farmers • From then on, most people in the West opposed the Federalists • The Whiskey Rebellion proved that the Federal government had the power to enforce laws • Whiskey rebellion video

20. Emergence of Political parties • Several factors led to the development of political parties in the early American government • Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank of the US • The Jay Treaty between the US and GB • The undeclared war on France • The differing parties developed after George Washington’s presidency ended in the late 1790s

21. Federalists • Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton • Believed in a strong national government and industrial economy • Were supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast.

22. Alexander Hamilton John Adams

23. Democratic Republicans • Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison • Believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. • Supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South • Opposed to the Federalists’ support for • the Bank of the United States • the Jay Treaty • the undeclared war on France James Madison

24. Presidential Election of 1800 • Won by Thomas Jefferson • The first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one party to another • Jefferson is elected president by the House of Representatives because there was a tie in the election • Jefferson and Alan Burr both had the same amount of votes • The House voted and elected Jefferson

25. Important Supreme Court Decisions—John Marshall’s Court • John Marshall will serve as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • He was from Virginia • Appointed by President John Adams • He served as the guiding force of the early Supreme Court • Marshall’s precedent-setting decisions helped to establish the Supreme Court as an independent and equal branch of the national government

26. John Marshall

27. Important Supreme Court Decisions—John Marshall’s Court • Marbury v. Madison • Established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional: “judicial review” • McCulloch v. Maryland • The state of Maryland was placing taxes on all bank notes from the National Bank of the US • A National Bank cashier brought suit against the state because of the tax • Marshall and the Supreme court made 2 important decisions: • 1.) Congress has powers that are not expressly written in the Constitution • 2.)prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government • states did not have power to impede or control the laws of the federal government • “the power to tax is the power to destroy” • Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 • Established the federal government’s right to regulate all aspects of interstate commerce (interstate waterways)

28. Expansion resulting from the Louisiana Purchase • The land between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean was contested by France and Spain • 1800 Napoleon forced Spain to give him the land • President Thomas Jefferson was afraid that Napoleon would close the port of New Orleans to American shipping traffic • 1802: Napoleon closed the port of New Orleans to American trade, effectively killing the Mississippi River as a shipping and trading lane • This would nearly kill the US’s trade in the west • 1803: Pres. Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to purchase the Louisiana Territory • The US bought the land for $15 million • The US gained 830,000 square miles of land—doubling the size of the US

29. The Louisiana Purchase

30. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson had the new land, but had no idea of what the nation had purchased • Jefferson chose 2 men to go and explore the new territory • Meriwether Lewis—Jefferson’s personal secretary • William Clark—an Army officer • Lewis and Clark received help from an American Indian woman named Sacajawea • Sacajawea served as the explorers’ guide and translator

31. M. Lewis W. Clark

32. The War of 1812—”Madison’s War” • When George Washington left the office of president, he warned the United States to stay isolationist—not to get involved in any alliance with a foreign nation • The American Government tried to follow this advice until Great Britain and France went to war in the early 1800s (and extension of the French Revolution) • The US tried to trade with both Great Britain and France, but GB and France kept harassing American ships • France tried to keep American goods from England • England tried to keep American goods from France

33. The War of 1812—”Madison’s War” • Great Britain began to imprison American sailors and force them into the British Royal Navy • The United States did not like its citizens being forced into the British Navy • Great Britain was helping many Indians fight against American settlers • War Hawks • A new breed of politicians who pressed for war against Britain because of their actions against Americans at sea and settlers on the frontier. • Allies of President Madison

34. The War of 1812—”Madison’s War” • The Federalists opposed James Madison’s war resolution (“his” war on Great Britain) • The Federalists even threatened to seceded from the Union • The Federalists also wanted to add more amendments to the Constitution—although none were added

35. Major Battles of the War of 1812

36. Results of the War Of 1812 • The United States emerged victorious in the war • America’s victory caused the US to lay claim to the Oregon Territory • The victory also to increase American migration into Spanish controlled Florida

37. Acquisition of Florida—Adams-Onis Treaty • Americans from Georgia were migrating into Spanish held Florida—causing problems between Florida’s natives and the settlers • The Americans wanted the US government to buy Florida from Spain • 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain agrees to sell Florida to the US for $5 million

39. Monroe Doctrine • Issued by Pres. James Monroe in 1823 • The Doctrine warned Europe to stay out of the Americas—both North and South America • The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers • Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies • The United States would not interfere in European Affairs

40. Cartoon depiction of the Monroe Doctrine

41. America’s Industrial Revolution (1789-1824) • Industrial Revolution—a time when goods were stopped being produced in homes and were produced in factories • Before the War of 1812, the US got most of its textiles (cloth) from Great Britain • During the War of 1812, the US received a lot less cloth • The Americans were almost forced to start producing their own textiles • Francis Cabot Lowell • Lowell recognized the need for more textiles in the US • Lowell created a new type of spinning and weaving machine that was run by water • He built a factory in Massachusetts to produce cloth • His factory helped usher in the Industrial Rev. to the US

42. America’s Industrial Revolution (1789-1824) • Eli Whitney • Created the Cotton Gin • The Cotton Gin removed the seeds from cotton and cleaned the cotton • The machine was 50 times quicker than a human • The Cotton Gin made cotton cheap • The demand for cotton increased, causing a need for more cotton plantations in the south • The Cotton Gin secured slavery in the south—lots of slave labor was needed to keep up with the demand for cotton—the South=“Cotton Kingdom”

43. Cotton Gin Eli Whitney

44. Tariffs • The United States Government passed tariffs (taxes on imported goods) • These taxes were issued to protect the young American Industry • The industrial North favored high protective tariffs to protect the Northern manufactured goods from foreign competition • The agricultural South opposed (were against) high tariffs that made the price of imported goods more expensive

45. Transportation in Early America—Westward Migration • Early Pioneers went west along poor wagon road in Conestoga wagons • Others used the vast network of rivers to travel westward

47. Transportation Develops • As industry began to better develop, better transportation was needed to get products from factories to the market • Growth of the railroads due to the steam engine • Canals linked the interior to Atlantic port cities • Led to the growth of an industrial economy • Better roads were eventually created • Turnpikes: built by private companies that charged tolls. Usually built of stone and gravel • National Road: 80-foot wide stone road begun in 1811 and by 1852 almost 600 miles linking Maryland with Illinois

48. Erie Canal • Erie Canal: 8 years to dig; 40 feet wide, 4 feet deep, 363 miles long; linked the Great Lakes with New York City

49. Westward Expansion and Migration • The people of the United States began to slowly move westward, past the Appalachian Mts. Into Indian territories • People moved from the coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas • Sought economic opportunity in the form of land to own and farm • “Manifest Destiny” • The belief that it was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific provided political support for expansion • This belief caused the frontier to constantly be pushed further west

50. Westward Expansion and Migration • During this period of westward migration, the American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers. • They were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands • Native Americans were viewed as “savages,” not only uncivilized but uncivilizable • Most whites hungry for valuable land wanted the Indians removed from east of the Mississippi River • The Indians were either forced to march far away from their homes (“Trail of Tears”) or forced to live on reservations