EKOSIASA WMA CASE STUDIES

1. EKOSIASA WMA CASE STUDIES by Faustin P. Maganga Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

2. Summary of Presentation The Objectives of EKOSIASA The Focus on Governance in NRM Significance of the Wildlife Sector and Governance Challenges Emergence of WMAs in Tz Burunge WMA Enduimet WMA IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

3. 1. The Objectives of EKOSIASA • Analyse the link between community conservation and poverty in each case; • Identify the level of participation, influence and power of various types of actors, including women; • Employ narrative analysis at national and local levels to investigate the links between dominating ideas, policies and practices; • Identify possible obstacles preventing community-based strategies to lead to empowerment of marginalised groups and contribute to poverty reduction; • Carry out scenario building as a support for long-term planning. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

4. 2. The Focus on Governance in NRM • The concept covers a wider terrain than ‘government’ or ‘management’ (Ref. Cleaver and Franks; IEED) • It includes rules, processes and behaviour that affect the way powers are exercised in the field of environmental policies, particularly as regards openness, participation and accountability. • the concept of governance has assumed increasing importance as traditional concepts of government are challenged. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

5. Governance...cont. • 6. Governance Principles • (a) Participation; (b) Fairness; (c ) Decency; (d) Accountability; (e) Transparency and (f) Efficiency • Governance is taken to mean the absence of corruption. Lack of governance is equated with low standards of probity in public life • Governance can be ‘bad’ as well as ‘good’ in relation to the outcomes of these processes, at least for certain groups in society IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

6. Governance.. cont. Reasons for Increased Interest on the Role of Governance in NRM • At the international level, globalisation, improved communications and increasing capital flows across borders have combined to reduce the power and autonomy of national governments to act alone and in the national interest. • International conservation NGOs (such as WWF and AWF) have played a role in shaping environmental policy in different countries. • At the national level, there is growing involvement of the private and third sectors in areas of policy-making and service provision which were hitherto the exclusive preserve of government. • At the local level, new alliances of community organisations, networks and partnerships are likewise calling into question the traditional role of governments to order the daily life of its citizens. • All of these challenges require a rethinking of relationships and decision processes in society, reflected in the emergence of the new term ‘governance’. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

7. 3. Significance of Wildlife and Challenges of Governance • Wildlife provide: - Annual hunting incomes to the Government estimated at 30 million US$ - The leasing companies generate app. 9 million US$ per year - Annual illegal wildlife hunting (meat) value is estimated at 50 million US$ - Well over 2/3 of the Tanzanian population eat wild meat, and for up 95% of the rural population it is the most important animal protein source - In the 90’s more than 1,68 million birds, 521,000 reptiles, and 148,000 amphibians and 12,000 mammals were exported - Tourism revenue earnings have grown on an average 30% annually, among others due to the attraction of wildlife. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

8. Significance and Challenges.. cont. • Although natural resources are fundamental to the economy and peoples’ livelihood, the contribution is often unacknowledged and the development potential is often underestimated. • This underestimation is partly caused by missing market mechanisms, including pricing below the market values. The widespread market failures lead to sub-optimal benefits for communities and loss of government revenues. • contributions to Tanzania’s development from natural resources could be larger and benefit more people if the environment and natural resources were managed in a more sustainable and equitable manner, building on principles of good governance. • The full potential for poverty reduction is thus not tapped. Instead the environment and natural resources sector is hampered by weak management regimes, facing irregularities and sub-optimal management IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

9. 4. Emergence of WMAs in Tz • Provided for in the 1998 Wildlife Policy of Tanzania as a new form of protected area where local communities “will have full mandate of managing and benefiting from their conservation efforts.” • Purpose is to enable local communities to benefit from wildlife in order to give them incentives to conserve wildlife on their village lands. • The Wildlife Policy’s main conservation strategy for wildlife outside protected areas and is also an important official strategy for rural development and poverty reduction. • The WMA Regulations of 2002 provided for a three-year pilot period for implementing WMAs in sixteen sites around the country; this pilot period was launched in January, 2003, and ended in August, 2006. In the intervening period a range of local communities, government agencies, and NGO facilitators worked to develop WMAs in these pilot sites. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

10. Location of WMAs IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

11. The Burunge Case Study Area Ref. TNRF Report (2006) Fred Nelson • Includes six villages located in the area between Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks. • Facilitated by the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) and Babati District Land Area Management Programme (LAMP). Gazzetted in March 2006 • The WMA is of considerable conservation value because it occupies the land and migration corridors between Tarangire, Lake Manyara, and the adjacent Manyara Ranch. • The WMA contains Lake Burunge, which is an important area for waterbirds such as greater and lesser flamingo and a range of ducks and shorebirds, and also hosts a large buffalo population that moves in and out of Tarangire. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

12. Burunge cont.. • Highly heterogeneous ethnically, with mostly Wabugwe in the southern villages and Waarusha in Minjingu, and numerous immigrants recently settled in all these villages lying along the main Arusha-Dodoma road. • “The most prominent issue in the Burunge WMA is.. an internal conflict.. Two of the member villages, Minjingu and Vilima Vitatu, have effectively withdrawn .. claiming they never agreed to join in the WMA or reserve land for it” • While the WMA covers an extensive area, Minjingu and Vilima Vitatu are located on the main corridor between Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks, and thus contain some of the best wildlife land and most important conservation area in this WMA. . IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

13. Burunge cont.. • “The Babati District Game Officer (DGO) explains the withdrawal of Minjingu and Vilima Vitatu as a result of commercial tourism campsite owners who have paid money to village leaders to oppose the WMA”. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

14. The Enduiment Case Study Area • The WMA was originally conceived in stakeholder meetings held in 1997 following a wildlife survey conducted by elephant researchers and national and district wildlife authorities. • It lies in Ol Molog and Tinga Tinga Wards in the West Kilimanjaro Basin of northeastern Longido District. • Originally, the WMA contained nine villages.. but: • Sinya village, decided to pull out. • It was the largest village in the WMA, located adjacent to the Kenyan border, and has an abundant population of large mammals such as elephant, giraffe, zebra, wildebeest, impala, and gazelle, much of which moves back and forth between Sinya and Amboseli National Park in Kenya. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

15. The Enduiment Case Study Area • Sinya had developed photographic tourism enterprises starting around 1998, and by 2004 was earning about $40,000 per annum from this tourism. This area is also a hunting concession granted by the Wildlife Division over Longido Game Controlled Area, and hunting and tourism came into conflict in the village starting around 2000. • Partly because the village was already earning large revenues from non-consumptive tourism, and partly because the community claims not to have understood the purpose and land tenure implications of the WMA, Sinya refused to participate in the WMA after the pilot areas were launched in 2004. IRA - University of Dar es Salaam

16. The Enduiment Case Study Area • ..Another key reason was their experience in a study tour to the Ukutu WMA in Morogoro District. On this trip, the expectation of the facilitators was that the Sinya villagers would witness first-hand the positive benefits of the WMA and thus support implementing the WMA in Sinya. • Instead, the Sinya villagers developed a negative impression of the Ukutu WMA, for two reasons. First, they saw that the Ukutu WMA was earning very little income after many years of development, in contrast to Sinya which was earning high tourism incomes. Second, they saw that the Ukutu WMA had zoned village lands and that livestock were no longer allowed in the WMA, IRA - University of Dar es Salaam