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Wastewater Use in Cochabamba, Bolivia: A degrading environment

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Wastewater Use in Cochabamba, Bolivia: A degrading environment

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    1. Wastewater Use in Cochabamba, Bolivia: A degrading environment Frans Huibers1, Oscar Moscoso2, Alfredo Duran3 and Jules van Lier4 1 Irrigation and Water Engineering Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands 2 Centro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental, UMSS, Cochabamba, Bolivia 3 Centro A.G.U.A., UMSS, Cochabamba, Bolivia 4 Subdepartment of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Netherlands Irrigation group collaborates with the Environmental Technology sub-department . My colleagues of the E.T sub-Deptm propagate the use of the so-called UASB-reactor for main treatment. (Upward Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). http://www.ftns.wau.nl/lettinga-associates/ We are involved in several research and training projects in the Middle East and elsewhere, including Ghana, Tunisia, Bolivia. Irrigation group collaborates with the Environmental Technology sub-department . My colleagues of the E.T sub-Deptm propagate the use of the so-called UASB-reactor for main treatment. (Upward Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). http://www.ftns.wau.nl/lettinga-associates/ We are involved in several research and training projects in the Middle East and elsewhere, including Ghana, Tunisia, Bolivia.

    2. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 2

    3. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 3

    4. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 4

    5. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 5 % Contribution to G.N.P.

    6. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 6 Urban and Rural Population (x 1000)

    7. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 7 Coverage of Water Supply and Sewerage

    8. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 8 Access to water supply and sanitation in Bolivia (1976 – 1997)

    9. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 9 Characteristics of the use of wastewater in peri urban areas of the main cities

    10. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 10

    11. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 11

    12. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 12

    13. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 13

    14. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 14

    15. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 15

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    20. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 20

    21. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 21 Area irrigated from different sources of water in a situation of drought (ha)

    22. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 22

    23. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 23 Estimation of the produced wastewater volume in 2020

    24. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 24 POTENTIAL OF WASTEWATER USE IN BOLIVIA

    25. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 25 Conclusions Cochabamba, Bolivia Industries should be forced to apply a pre-treatment before discharging wastewater Improve the drainage of the lower lying areas An increase in water treatment capacity is badly needed Design decentralized water treatment Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach is badly needed Awareness among actors, management capacity, communication are important conditions

    26. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 26 General recommendations for future action Agree on uniform terminology Develop a conceptual design framework in respect to wastewater treatment and use Develop a communication and information system to support farmers in wastewater management Develop environmentally safe irrigation techniques and irrigation water management Support farmers to develop local water management strategies Support decentralized, low-cost wastewater treatment systems Study long-term effects on soils and groundwater Start discussions with urban planners Exclude industrial wastewater flows and concentrate on domestic wastewater

    27. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 27 Further treatment means higher costs and less nutrients Disposal without further treatment means major environmental risks Different forms of disposal: Surface water; groundwater; sea; Irrigation includes: lawns and parks; golf courses Wastewater reclamation and re-use basically serve the objectives of water pollution control and various forms of water-supply (Metcalf and Eddy (1995) Can be considered as an alternative treatment and disposal system (Mills and Asano, 1998). Cost-effective!Further treatment means higher costs and less nutrients Disposal without further treatment means major environmental risks Different forms of disposal: Surface water; groundwater; sea; Irrigation includes: lawns and parks; golf courses Wastewater reclamation and re-use basically serve the objectives of water pollution control and various forms of water-supply (Metcalf and Eddy (1995) Can be considered as an alternative treatment and disposal system (Mills and Asano, 1998). Cost-effective!

    28. IWMI Workshop Hyderabad 11-14 Nov 2002 28

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