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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Matter – Properties and Changes. Section 3.1: Properties of Matter. Objectives. Identify the characteristics of a substance. Distinguish between physical & chemical properties. Differentiate among the physical states of matter. Matter. Substance. Mixture. Element. Compound.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Matter – Properties and Changes

  2. Section 3.1:Properties of Matter

  3. Objectives • Identify the characteristics of a substance. • Distinguish between physical & chemical properties. • Differentiate among the physical states of matter.

  4. Matter Substance Mixture Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous Organization of Matter

  5. Substances • Matter (anything that has mass & takes up space) that has a uniform and unchanging chemical composition is called a substance or a pure substance. • Examples: • Water (H2O) • Salt (NaCl) • NOT saltwater!

  6. Physical Properties • A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed without changing the chemical composition of a sample of matter. • Because substances have an unchanging composition, the physical properties of substances are constant from one sample to another. Some of them may be used to identify the substance. • Examples: color, shape, mass, odor, taste, hardness, density, state, solubility, melting point, boiling point.

  7. Extensive or Intensive? • Extensive physical properties are dependent on the AMOUNT of substance that is present. Mass and length are examples. • Intensive physical properties are independent of the amount of substance present. The density of a substance does not depend on how much is present. • PRACTICE: Classify the physical properties listed previously as extensive or intensive.

  8. Practice Problem - List the physical properties of the following:

  9. Observing Properties • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES • Appropriate observations would include: • White color • Small, crystalline particles • Particles are lustrous; long rectangular shape. • Inappropriate observations: • Looks like salt

  10. Chemical Properties • A chemical property is a property of a substance that cannot be observed unless the substance has changed its chemical composition. • Chemical reactivity or the ability/inability of a substance to react with another substance is a chemical property. • Other chemical properties are the ability/inability to oxidize (combine with oxygen), & flammability (the ability to ignite).

  11. Observing Properties CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Appropriate observations include: • Combines readily with oxygen • Reacts vigorously with water • Inappropriate observations: • Rusts • Dissolves in water Calcium

  12. Observing Properties • Important note: • The properties that are observed will depend on environmental conditions. For example, water is a liquid at certain temperatures and a solid or gas at others. • Therefore, it is necessary to record the temperature & pressure of the environment when observations of properties are made.

  13. States of Matter • The physical state of a substance is one of its physical properties. • Matter can exist in one of 4 physical forms: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. • Plasma occurs naturally on Earth only in lightning.

  14. Distinguishing States of Matter

  15. Gas vs. Vapor • These words do not mean the same thing. • A gas is a substance that exists naturally in the gaseous state at room temperature. • A vapor is a substance in the gaseous state that is naturally a solid or liquid at room temperature. • Steam is a vapor. It is often simply called water vapor.

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