Dealing With a Dangerous World

1. Dealing With a Dangerous World Chapter 6.2 pp. 197-203

2. Challenges of the 1790s • Main Idea • The United States faced many challenges during the 1790s. It tried to remain neutral in European wars while dealing with conflicts with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. • Reading Focus • Why did Washington want to remain neutral in response to events in Europe? • What conflicts took place in the Northwest Territory? • What challenges did John Adams face as president, and what was the XYZ Affair?

3. What is the Purpose of Political Parties?? Political Parties: • Organize the Competition • Unify the Electorate • Inspire and Inform Voters • Translate Preferences into Policy • Provide Loyal Opposition • Organize Government • Help Govern • Act as Watchdogs of the government • Nominate (Name) Candidates • Ensure Candidate Quality

6. Remaining Neutral • In 1789 the French monarchy was overthrown. Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and Spain declared war on the new French government. • Democratic-Republicans feared that if the French Revolution failed, republican governments everywhere would fail. • Federalists had respect for Britain. • France and Britain tried to draw the United States into their war and force it to take sides. • Washington wanted to remain neutral. He issued the Neutrality Proclamation in April 1793. http://viewpure.com/a5wCl3aAMEQ&feature=related • Edmund Genet, the new French ambassador to the United States, enlisted an American crew to fight on a French ship against the British. • Washington demanded that Genet be replaced.

7. Washington’s Neutrality Tested… • In early 1794 the British began seizing American merchant ships. • British claimed the ships carried French goods or were sailing to a French port. • American sailors were thrown into British prisons. • The British were stirring up trouble among the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. • John Jay negotiated Jay’s Treatywith the British. • British would pay for damages to American ships. • British would leave their forts in the Northwest Territory. • The United States would pay debts owed to Britain. • Missing from the treaty: anything on the seizing of American ships impressment of American sailors. • The Senate ratifies in order to avoid war with Great Britain. • Upset the Spanish who felt that the U.S. and Great Britain might unite and take their possessions.

8. Spain Obliges Us… • Thomas Pinckney negotiated Pinckney’s Treatywith Spain and settled many border disputes between the United States and Spain.

9. Washington’s Farewell Address Washington retires from office after being irritated by party politics & attacks on his character. Washington’s Farewell Address Listed the benefits of the federal government “The unity of government . . . is a main pillar in the edifice [foundation] of your real independence . . . of your tranquility @ home, your peace abroad; of your safety, of your property, of that very liberty which you so highly prize.” Warns against the party system “It (parties) agitates (stirs up) the Community w/ ill-founded jealousies & false alarms; kindles the animosity (anger) of one . . . Against another. . . .it opens the door to foreign influence & corruption . . .”

10. Adams vs. JeffersonThe Election of 1796

11. The Election of 1796 • Washington retired after two terms. • Thomas Jefferson was the Democratic-Republican candidate. • John Adams was the Federalist candidate. • Though Adams became president, he did not have the full support of the presidential electors. • Because of sectionalism, the southern Federalists preferred his running mate, Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina. • Thomas Jefferson came in second with 68 votes to Adams’s 71 votes. • Jefferson became vice president.

12. The Election of 1796

13. Hamilton on Broadway • Adams Administration • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbY6UQCk0SM&list=PLUSRfoOcUe4avCXPg6tPgdZzu--hBXUYx&index=34

14. XYZ Affair France had attacked American merchant ships. French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z) demanded bribes of the American diplomats who went to France to negotiate an end to the ship seizure. President Adams and the XYZ Affair • As a result, Congress: • Cut off trade with France • Canceled wartime treaties it had made with France • Authorized building warships • Allowed the U.S. navy to capture French vessels at sea The XYZ Affair brought a general resentment of foreigners, which led to passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

15. Quasi-War w/ France • 1798 – Congress suspended trade w/ France & ordered the navy to capture French ships. = undeclared war at sea was called the Quasi-War. • Convention of 1800 - negotiations w/ France led to an agreement • U.S. gave up all claims against France for damages to American shipping. • France released the U.S. from the Treaty of 1778 Quasi-War ENDED!!

16. The Federalist Response to the XYZ Affair • Alien Acts: three laws that allowed the president to order foreigners considered to be a threat to national security to be jailed or deported. • Targeted French and Irish refugees, most of whom supported the French • Increased the period of residency required for citizenship from 5 years to 14 • Required foreigners to register with the government • Allowed the president to jail or expel any foreigner thought to be “dangerous to the peace and safety” of the country • The Sedition Act outlawed any opposition to government policies by actions or by “false, scandalous, or malicious writing.” • Targeted the Democratic-Republicans, who historically supported the French

17. The States respond . . . Null & Void • VA – introduced interposition – “ . . . If the fed. govt. did something unconstitutional , the state could interpose between the fed. govt. & the people to stop the illegal action • Kentucky – advanced the theory of nullification – “ . . . If the fed. Govt. passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to nullify the law or declare it invalid

18. The Adams Family Move into the White House… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0PE_kC-3EY