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Classifications of History

Classifications of History. Prehistory Everything before the invention of writing Approximately 5,500 years age History Everything since the invention of writing. Scientists. Anthropologist Study human characteristics such as: physical features development behavior Archaeologists

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Classifications of History

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  1. Classifications of History Prehistory Everything before the invention of writing Approximately 5,500 years age History Everything since the invention of writing

  2. Scientists • Anthropologist • Study human characteristics such as: • physical features • development • behavior • Archaeologists • Study prehistoric life through artifacts left behind by prehistoric people • Artifact include objects that were shaped or changed by human hands.

  3. Stone Age • Name given to prehistory • Divided into 3 smaller periods depending on differences in tool making techniques and developments in culture • Paleolithic • Mesolithic • Neolithic

  4. Paleolithic • Old Stone Age • Ice Age • 4 periods of cold climate • Massive glaciers • Ocean levels drop as much as 300 feet • Creating land bridges between previously separate landmasses • Beringia- form between Asia and North American • Allow human migration throughout the world

  5. Man’s response to Ice Age • Move to warmer climate • Find ways to keep warm • Clothes & fire • Not adapting resulting in death from starvation or exposure

  6. Mesolithic • Middle Stone Age • Beginning of the development of agriculture • Domestication of animals • Dogs and goats • Inventions • Bows and arrows • Fishhooks • Spears and harpoons

  7. Neolithic • New Stone Age • Permanent Settlements • Develop around • Fertile soil • Abundant water supply • 30 degrees North Latitude

  8. Catal Huyuk • One of largest Neolithic villages discovered so far • Evidence of extensive specialization of labor and trade • Jericho

  9. Neolithic Revolution • Neolithic Revolution • A shift from hunting and gathering to food producing • Crops varied depending upon climate and varieties of wild plants

  10. Agriculture • Causes of Agriculture • Population increase because of climate change • Big game animals decreasing

  11. Agriculture will begin in the Middle East and spread to other areas. • Did not happen at the same time in all places

  12. Agriculture require more work than foraging But had the advantages of • Producing more constant and substantial food supply • Increase cultural contacts • Produce significant population growth • Enable others to work at other things rather than just farming

  13. People begin to think in terms of ownership • Need to protect their land , their water from invaders. • Interaction between societies either through trade or conflict will start to become complicated.

  14. Societies • Foraging societies • Small groups of people who traveled • Influenced by climate and food availability • Hunters-gatherers • No permanent shelters • Tend to return to same areas year after year • Organization – chiefs, leaders, religious figures • Need for coordination- hunting and later warfare • Division of labor • Due mainly to physical differences • Roles not seen as superior but just different

  15. Pastoral societies • Dependent upon the domestication of animals • Still nomadic– search for grazing areas and water • Usually found in mountainous regions or areas of insufficient rainfall. • Women have fewer rights, men control food production • Power based on size of herd • Difficult to become “civilized”

  16. Early Man • Hominid • Classification of beings that include human beings and humanlike creatures that preceded them • 2.5 million years ago • 1/4000 of earth existence • On a 24 hour clock- only the last 5 minutes

  17. Australopithecus • Southern Apes • Nomadic • Shows no evidence of tool use • Physical characteristics • Walk on two legs • Bipedalism • Forward pointing toe • Single most important difference between humans and apes • Opposable thumb • Larynx- voice box

  18. Lucy • Most famous Australopithecus • Discovered by Donald Johanson & Tom Gray (1974) in Ethiopia • Name for song by Beatles • “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” • Most nearly complete skeleton • 47 bones

  19. Homo habilis • Person with ability • Lived along side of Australopithecus • Discovered in Olduvai Gorge • Dr. Kattwinkel • Louis, Mary and Richard Leakey • Nutcracker Man • Oldest known to manufacture tools • Also called Handy man

  20. Homo erectus • A person who walks upright • Discovery of Fire • First to leave Africa • Africa to Asia and Europe • Developed speech • Speech one of humanity’s greatest achievements • Enable people to work together • To exchange ideas • Pass on culture

  21. Homo sapiens • Person who thinks • Two main groups • Neanderthals • Cro-Magnons

  22. Neanderthals • Image portray in comic strips • Used fire and tools • Advanced culturally • Care for sick and aged • May have been first to practice medicine • Cover bodies of dead with flowers • Buried in shallow graves with food , tools and weapons • Headhunters • Disappearance remains a mystery • 1997 DNA tests on Neanderthal skeleton indicated not ancestors of modern humans

  23. Cro-Magnon • More technically advanced • Big game hunt between 4-5 unrelated bands • Cooperation led to rules • Development of spoken language • Increase in food results in increase in population • Permanent housing • Cave Art • Ancestors to Modern man

  24. Cave Art • Cave Paintings found in France, Spain and Africa • Why? • Educational • Reaching out to spiritual world • For sake of art

  25. Lascaux • Most famous site of cave art • Discovered by 4 teenage boys during WWII • Leon Laval – teacher will open the cave to public • Over 1,500 engravings and 600 pictures • Only open 17 years- Paintings over 17,000 year old endanger so cave closed to public • Endanger by carbon dioxide

  26. Great Hall of Bulls

  27. Painted Gallery

  28. Cities • Over time some farming villages will evolve into cities • Art of writing will develop in cities • Writing considered to be the beginning of History

  29. Social Standing in ancient cities can be measured by the proximity to the center of the city. • VIP’s nearest the center of city

  30. Civilizations • Some cities will evolve into complex societies called civilizations • Location, weather and luck will determine if city will become a civilization

  31. River Civilizations • First four major civilization all centered around a river • Nile • Tigris and Euphrates • Indus • Huang He

  32. Characteristics of a River Civilization • Specialized labor • Focus on different kinds of work • Advanced technology • Produce new tools and techniques for solving problems • Form of Government • Complex system of values and beliefs • Organized religion

  33. Rivers provided: • water supply • transportation • food supply from animals • Rivers provided challenges: • flooding • irrigation • Required organized, mass labor • Construction and repair of canals and irrigation ditches

  34. Not all societies will form a civilization • Lack of sustainable culture • Invaders destroyed evidence of some • Natural disasters • Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Disease

  35. Organized Central Governments • Central authority needed to control: • Labor • Storage of grain • Dispersion of foodstuffs among population • Early governments first led by priests • Later controlled by warrior chiefs or kings

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