Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16th Century

2. What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from Protestant reformers? • In the second half of the fifteenth century, the new classical learning from the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe and started the movement : Northern (Christian) Renaissance Humanism • goal to reform Christianity • Christian humanists focused on Holy Scriptures • Felt a simple religion had been complicated during the Middle Ages • Through education people could find true inner piety and reform – supported schools

3. Erasmus • Desiderius Erasmus(1466-1535) • Formed reform program of Christian humanism • Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) • “philosophy of Christ” – inner piety – not external religion like sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics • Called for re-translation in Greek (said the Vulgate, Latin version, had errors) • The Praise of Folly (1511) • Criticism of most corrupt practices of society, especially abuses of clergy • Work paved the way for the Reformation

4. Thomas More • Thomas More (1478-1535) • Trained in law, proficient in Latin and Greek • Learning should be put into the service of state • Became lord chancellor of England • Friend of Erasmus • Wrote Utopia

5. Thomas More • Utopia (1516) • Account of the idealistic life and institution of community “Utopia” (Greek for nowhere) in the New World • Shows concerns for economic, social, political problems • New social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society • Communal ownership rather than private property • Opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine & Pope

6. The Church and Religion • Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor inspiring reform • Highest positions in Church were held by nobles or the wealthy bourgeoisie • Pluralism: church officials took more than one position to make more money • Indulgences: relics or payments to reduce time in purgatory

7. What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the RCC and why did the movement spread so quickly • Martin Luther(1483-1546) • Born in Germany, started as a lawyer, became a monk • Focused on assurance of Salvation • Became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg • Came to believe that no human could ever DO enough to be saved • JUSTIFICATION from grace through faith • (not works, sacraments, penance, etc)

8. Indulgence Controversy • Pope Leo X started an Indulgence Jubilee in 1517 to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica • “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” • Luther was distressed • 95 Theses • Indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences • Thousands of copies were made and spread all Germany • Luther was compared to John Hus and in 1520 Luther realized he needed to leave the RCC

9. Luther’s Writings and Consequences • Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – Luther calls for German princes to overthrow papacy • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as a way for the papacy to maintain control • Reform of monasticism where clergy can marry • On the Freedom of a Christian Man- treatise proclaiming faith alone ensures salvation • 1521 – RCC excommunicates Luther • Charles V called for Luther to appear before the Reichstag • Luther refused • Edict of Worms – made Luther an outlaw within the empire

10. Spread & Conflict • Luther translated the Bible into German and his New Testament sold 200,000 copies in twelve years • Preaching spread Luther’s ideas • Mostly to the upper classes (the literate) • Adreas Carlstadt wanted to initiate a more radical reform • Abolish all relics, images, and the Mass • Erasmus and other Christian Humanists left the movement because it was breaking up Christendom • Peasants’ War (1524-1525) • Peasants were unhappy with position and revolted • Luther issued pamphlet Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants • “smite, slay and stab” the peasantry

11. Organizing the Church • Luther got rid of all sacraments but • Baptism- rebirth through grace • Communion- forgiveness of sin • Luther denied Transubstantiation • Believed spirit of god was present, but the bread and wine wasn’t Christ's corporal flesh • Got rid of the Clergy • Married a nun, Katherine von Bora as an example

12. Political turmoil allows Lutheranism to spread • 1519, Charles I of Spain (grandson of Maximilian) elected Holy Roman Emperor  Charles V • Spain & its overseas possessions • Austrian lands • Bohemia • Hungary • Low Countries • Naples

13. Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans • Rivalry with Francis I, king of France • Disputed territories in France, Netherlands, Rhineland, Northern Spain, Italy • Habsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1547) • Papacy sided with France • 1527: Charles V’s army sacked Rome • By 1530 Charles V controlled much of Italy • Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria

14. Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans • Charles wanted the hundreds of German states to stay united under Catholicism • Schmalkaldic League made up of German Princes and German states promised to defend each other from Charles V • Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547) • Initially Charles V won • The League allied with new French king, Henry II • Charles had to call a truce • Peace of Augsburg, 1555, division of Christianity acknowledged, right of each German ruler to choose the religion of his subjects • Charles abdicated the throne in 1556 to live in a monastery

15. Swiss Protestantism • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism • Became a priest in Zürich, Switzerland • Reformed the church in Zürich • Relics and images abolished • Paintings and decorations removed • Music eliminated from services • Believed communion was strictly symbolic – NO physical presence of Christ • Battled with rural Swiss • Killed, cut up, burned, ashes scattered

16. Anabaptists • Anabaptists – more radical reform movement • Advocated adult baptism • Strict democracy- all believers equal • Complete separation of church and state • Refused to hold political office • Would not bear arms • Nearly wiped out in the Peasants’ War

17. Anabaptists • Settled in Münster – turned to Millenarianism, belief the end of the world is at hand • Took over town, burned all books but bible • Kicked out and returned to pacifist ways • Menno Simmons (1496-1561) • Peaceful evangelist • Separation from the world to emulate Jesus • Strict discipline, banned those who didn’t conform • “Mennonites” • Mennonites and Amish (Anabaptists) still exist today

18. John Calvin • John Calvin (1509-1564) • French scholar, not safe in France, moved to Basel • Institutes of the Christian Religion– synthesis of Protestant thought • Justification through faith alone • Predestination – God elects those who will be saved or damned before they are born • In Geneva, created Ecclesiastical Ordinances- document that made a church government overseeing moral life • Colors of clothing, music, church attendance, behavior

19. Create a Thesis and Outline • What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism • Create a unifying thesis – one sentence • Outline three supporting paragraphs • Terms, names, facts

20. Next Time: Seminar • Prepare for a seminar on the Counter Reformation • Re-read section in book • Look over outline • You may bring note cards • You will be asked specific and opinion questions • Points rewarded for participation

21. English Reformation • Henry VIII (1509-1547) wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon • Spanish princess to Ferdinand and Isabella • Only delivered on living heir, daughter Mary • Henry in love with lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn

22. English Reformation • Henry relied on Cardinal Wolsey, the highest ranking church official in England to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII • sack of Rome in 1527 made pope rely on Charles V • (nephew of Catherine)

23. English Reformation • Anne Boleyn became pregnant, Henry secretly married her in 1533 • Thomas Cranmer(archbishop of Canterbury) declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null because Catherine had been married to Henry’s brother, Arthur, first • Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth • Act of Supremacy: Henry is the head of the Church of England • Treason Act: punishable by death to deny the king had supreme head of the church • Thomas More beheaded under Treason Act

24. English Reformation • Under the new centralized power monasteries were closed, land and possessions were confiscated by the King • Sold to nobles, gentry, merchants • Henry kept looking for the perfect wife • Catherine of Aragon – Mary (Catholic) • Anne Boleyn – Elizabeth (Protestant) • Jane Seymour – Edward (Protestant) • Anne of Cleves • Catherine Howard • Catherine Parr

25. After Henry’s death • Edward VI became king at 9 • Cranmer and others pushed through more Protestant reforms • Created unrest • Edward died in 1553 • Mary I becomes queen • Restores Catholicism • Married Phillip IIof Spain (son of Charles V) • “Bloody Mary” • Died in 1558

26. Counter Reformation Seminar You may use note cards, no notes Points for meaningful participation

27. What is the Catholic Reformation? • “Counter Reformation” • Mid-16th century • Revival of Roman Catholicism • Aimed at fixing the problems pointed out • Aimed at stopping spread of Protestantism

28. Was it a Catholic or Counter Reformation? i.e. was it primarily a reformation of the church THANKS to the protestant reformation or was it an attempt to push back Protestantism?

29. What orders were created/revived during the counter-reformation, which were the most important? Why? • Carmelites- created by Spanish mystic Saint Teresa of Avila • Benedictines & Dominicans- renewed • Capuchins- preaching directly to the people • Theatines – founded orphanages and hospitals • Ursulines – schools for girls • Jesuits – founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Most important to counter-reformation • Absolute obedience to the papacy • Education to achieve goals – took over universities • Military like • Missionaries reached Japan & China

30. What effect will the Jesuits have on the world?

31. How did Pope Paul III reform the papacy? • Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church • Commission blamed policies on popes and cardinals • Summoned Council of Trent • Established the Roman Inquisition • Pope Paul IV • Created the Index of Forbidden Books • Books Catholics weren’t allowed to read • All Protestant works • Erasmus

32. Which reform most shows the Catholic Church’s refusal to reform? Reform commission, Council of Trent, Roman Inquisition & Index of Forbidden Books

33. What did the Council of Trent do? • Three sessions between 1545-1563 • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs • Only the church could interpret scripture • Both faith and good works needed for salvation • Upheld: • Seven sacraments • Transubstantiation • Clerical celibacy • Belief in purgatory • Efficacy of indulgences (prohibited sale)

34. Why did clarity from the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church?

35. Questions/Comments? Write your name at the top of a paper Title page Counter Reformation Seminar 1-10 points – how do you think you did?

36. French Wars of Religion • Huguenots- French protestants • 10% of French population • 40-50% of French nobility • House of Bourbon • next to the Valois in the line of succession • Ruled Navarre • Catherine de’ Medici (1547-1559) • Henry II – killed in tournament, Catherine regent for sons • Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III • Tried to find compromise between powerful Guise family & protestants

37. French Wars of Religion • Groups willing to fight monarchy • Towns and provinces were willing to revolt against monarchy because of centralized power • Nobility willing to revolt in opposition to the crown • Politiques– placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war

38. French Wars of Religion • 1562: Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots in Vassy • 1572: Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Henry of Navarre (house Bourbon) came to Paris to marry king’s sister • Henry’s mother brought Protestantism to France • Henry leader of Huguenots, many came for wedding • Three days of killing in the bloodiest manner • 3000 Huguenots dead • Henry escaped by promising to become Catholic

39. French Wars of Religion • 1594: Henry of Navarre made king of France (Henry IV) • “Paris is worth a mass” • Converted to Catholicism • Edict of Nantes (1598) • Acknowledged Catholicism as official religion in France • Guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship • Allowed to hold public offices

40. Philip II of Spain • Son of Charles V • Inherited Spain, Netherlands, possessions in Italy & New World • Strict adherence to Catholicism in Philip’s holdings • Aggressive use of Spanish Inquisition • Strong monarchial authority • Tried to be center of whole government and supervised all departments • Unwilling to delegate authority • Fell behind on work and focused on trivial matters

41. Philip II of Spain • Wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe • Economy • Prosperous economy fueled by gold in New World • Gold and Silver also created inflation that hurt economy and production • Expenses of war devastating to economy • “Most Catholic King” • Defeated Muslims in Cyprus • Tried to crush the Netherlands

42. Revolt in Netherlands • One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire • Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg • Dutch, French, Flemish • Commercial crossroads (remember Hanseatic League?) • Lutheranism, Anabaptism, Calvinism taking over • Philip’s rule was strongly opposed • 1566 Calvinists and Nobles destroyed stained glass • Philip sent Duke of Alba with 10,000 soldiers

43. Court of Blood • Duke of Alba crushed rebellion • Repressive policies led merchants to join Calvinists • “Council of Troubles” or “Council of Blood” created a reign of terror • William of Orange wished to unite all provinces • Pacification of Ghent – uniting under religious tolerance • Didn’t last long – Duke of Parma came and played on religious differences • South: Catholic • North: Protestant under William of Orange

44. Elizabeth I • Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 • Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn • Protestant – moderate, between Luther & Calvin • Brilliant, cautious, confident • Imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of Scots • Fled Scotland from Calvinists • Tried to overthrow Elizabeth many times • Finally beheaded in 1587 • Fought the puritans who wanted to reform the church further

45. Foreign Policy • Avoided war • Encouraged piracy • Supported protestants in France and Spain to weaken other monarchies • Philip enraged over support to the Netherlands • Believed the English would overthrow Elizabeth if he gave them a reason • Sent an Armada to invade England • Beaten by storms and fire ships!