1 / 31

Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate?. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration. 19 th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration Migration impacted by push/ pull factors Unfavorable conditions push people out of a place

slamb
Download Presentation

Chapter 3

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 3 Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate?

  2. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration • 19th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration • Migration impacted by push/ pull factors • Unfavorable conditions push people out of a place • Attractive opportunities pull people to a place • Economic factors are main cause of migration • Most migrants move only short distance • Each migration flow procedures a compensating counter-flow • Long-distance migrants go to centers of commerce and industry (economic opportunity) • Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural areas • Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence likelihood to migrate • Three categories: • Why migrants move • Distance they typically move • Characteristics of migrants

  3. Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction • Applied to migration • Larger places attract more migrants than smaller places do. • Destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities if the same caliber. • Aka closer places attract more migrants than more distant places. • Mathematically • Multiplication of two populations divided by the distance b/w them • Gravity Model proposes an equation that balances distance and size in trying to predict spatial patterns • Limitations • Does not factor selectivity factors • Age • Education level • Human behavior does not always fit into predicted patterns

  4. Terms • Migration: • long-distance move to a new location • Emigration: • moving from a particular location ( out-migration) • Immigration: • moving to a particular location (in-migration) • Migration Stream: • Pathway from a place of origin to a destination • Migration counterstream: people moving back to the place of origin from the new place • Gross Migration: • total # of migrants moving into and out of a place, region, or country. • Net Migration: • gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration. • Net in-migration • More immigrants than emigrants • Net out-migration • More emigrants than immigrants • Mobility: • ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or temporarily. • Circulation: • short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.

  5. Why is it important? • Data has social, political, and economic consequences: • Out-mig. of highly trained professionals from Cuba, leaves Cuba with providing health care. • Low-labor costs have drawn low-skilled in-migrant workers • Can cause political issues • Example, the U.S. accusations that immigrants are “stealing” American jobs • Geographers concerned with why people migrate • Changing scale has had major implications on migration • With globalization, why do people still migrate?

  6. I. Reasons for Migrating • Most people migrate for economic reasons • Cultural and Environmental factors also induce migration • Not as frequent as economic factors

  7. PUSH/PULL FACTORS • A push factor induces people to move out of their present location • A pull factor induces people to move into a new location • Three kinds of push/pull factors: • Economic • Cultural • Environmental

  8. Economic Push/Pull Factors • Push Factors • Not enough job opportunities • Pull Factors • Areas with lots of natural resources • Job opportunities • Areas like US and Canada attracted immigrants because of economic opportunities • American dream • Places that one people emigrated from, like Scotland, are now immigration “hot spots” due to new natural resources discovered.

  9. Cultural Push/Pull Factors • Forced international Migration • Slavery • Political instability • Recent Example: • Lebanese and Kurds • Scattered due to war and civil strife • Lebanon lost a large # of population to migrations • Kurds never established autonomous state • Many left due to military aggression, and persecution • Other examples • Jews • Deportation of Armenians after WWI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qSwDN0G2IA • Palestinians after establishment of Israel.

  10. Political Conditions: Push/Pull Factors

  11. Environmental Factors • Pull Factors • Attractive locations • Mediterranean coast of France • Alps • Rocky Mountains • climate • Arizona • people with Asthma, allergies • Flordia • beach, warm winters • Thanks to improved technology people can live anywhere • Air conditioning • Transportation • communications

  12. Environmental Push Factors • Adverse physical conditions • Flooding • Hurricane Katrina • Natural Disaster • Japanese earthquake • Nuclear radiation • Irish Potato Famine • Drought • Sahel region of Northern Africa

  13. Great Depression Migration

  14. Intervening Obstacles • Where migrants go is not always their desired destination • Blocked by intervening obstacle • In the past, mainly environmental • Migration was on horse or foot • example: people trying to reach California during the gold rush often couldn’t cross Rocky Mountains, Great plains, or desert. • European Migration to America hindered by crossing the Atlantic Ocean • Sometime were told they were going to America, but weren’t taken there!! • Today: • Transportation allows for more migration • Trains, cars, airplanes • More political issues • Passports • documentation

  15. II. Distance of Migration • Ravenstein’s laws • Most migrants relocate short distance and remain within same country • Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity • Two types of Migration • Voluntary/ Forced • Voluntary- choice to move • Forced- pushed from land • Internal migration • Movement within a country • Types: • Interregional • Intraregional • International migration

  16. Internal Migration • Permanent movement within the same country • Shorter distances • Easier cultural assimilation Two Types: • Interregional • movement from one region to another within the same country • From Bluffton, SC to Boston, Mass) • Intraregional • movement within one region • From a city to suburb • Example: • From Bluffton, SC to Hilton Head, SC

  17. Historical Internal Migration : U.S. • 1st wave • Westward settlement • Manifest destiny • From Eastern seaboard to West Coast • Rural-to-urban • Industrialization cause • New jobs • 2nd wave • 1940s- 1970s • African-Americans migrating from rural south • To cities in South, North, and West • Mechanization of cotton • Defense jobs (WWI, WWII) • 3rd wave • Cold War jobs • Emergence of Sunbelt • West/ Mid-west growth too • Economic opportunity • Air conditioning • Cheap land

  18. Internal Forced Migration • “Trail of Tears” Cherokee Indians forced to leave Georgia for Oklahoma • China • Mao’s cultural revolution • 10-17 million • South Africa • Apartheid, 1960-1980 • 3.6 million • Forced “Eco-Migration” • Bangladesh floodplain settlement of 1960’s • Ethiopia famine of 1984-1985 New Examples: Yemen running out of water China desertification Louisiana/ Alaska rising sea levels

  19. International Migration • Permanent movement from one country to another • Two types: • Voluntary • the migrant has chosen to move • Economic reasons • Forced • migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors

  20. International Voluntary Migration • Usually occurs due to high wage differentials, job opportunities, family links, unemployment conditions, etc. • Temporary labor migration- guest workers • Transnational migrants: set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state • Mexican migrants • Asian migrants

  21. Refugees • Refugees are a case of forced migration • Refugee: • People who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. • individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety asylum • 14 million refugees in 2007

  22. Refugees • Large refugee movement from Central Asia and Afghanistan after Sept. 11th • Two largest groups of international refugees: • Palestinians • Afghans • Two largest groups of internal refugees • Sudan • Colombia

  23. Major Regions of Refugees • Sub-Saharan Africa • Tribal Ethnic Conflicts • Rwanda, Congo • Sudan • Darfur • Religious/ ethnic tensions • War-related • Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Burundi • The Middle East • Palestinians • Kurds • Europe • Fall of Yugoslavia/ Balkans • 7 million refugees • Southeast Asia • Vietnam • Cambodia • 30,000 refugees • Burma/ Myanmar • Dictatorial government • South Asia • Afghan refugees • Sri Lanka • 1 million

  24. Internally Displaced Person • IDPs: • Individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of global conflict or human rights abuse

  25. Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition • Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky • Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. • Stage 1 • High CBR/ High CDR • Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food • Searching for local necessities • temporary • Internal migration • Stage 2 • High CBR/ dropping CDR • High rate of Natural Increase • Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push out immigrants • Like decline in death rate, migration a result of technological change • International Migration • Some Interregional Migration • Rural areas to cities

  26. Migration Transition Model • Stage 3 & 4 • Slowing growth rate • Result of social change • Fewer children • Principal destinations for international migrants • International Migration • Societies in stage 3 & 4 become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries • Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migration • From cities to suburbs

  27. III. Characteristics of Migrants • Gender • Ravenstein’s Laws • Most long-distance migrants are male • Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals • Reality • Reversed in 1990s women now 55% of U.S. immigrants • Mexican Immigration • Similar patterns • Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican immigrants men • Now women majority • Family Status • Most immigrants young adults • Ravenstein right! • 40% of U.S. immigrants today between 25-39 years old • Increasing # are children • 16% under 15 years old

  28. Migration Selectivity • Decision to migrate often fits into predictable pattern based on age, income, and other socio-economic factors • Migration selectivity • Evaluation of how likely someone is to migrate based on personal, social, and economic factors • Age • Most influential factor in migration selectivity • Americans are most likely to move between 18 and 30 • Education • The more educated people are the more likely they are to make long-distance moves • Brain-drain • Educated people leave • KY- Appalachian region • Brain-gain

More Related